Transcript English Business 2 Lecture 1

English Business 2
Lecture 2
Dea Adlina
Expressions of Quantity
USING SOME, ANY, MUCH, MANY, A
LOT OF, EVERY, AND A FEW
COUNT or NONCOUNT ??
Common NONCOUNT nouns
• Whole groups made up of similar items:
baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit
• Fluids:
Water, coffee, tea, oil
• Solids:
Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper
• Gases:
Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution
• Particles:
Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt
COUNT or NONCOUNT ??
Common NONCOUNT nouns
• Abstractions:
 Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty
• Languages:
 Arabic, English, Japanese
• Field of study:
 Chemistry, literature, engineering
• Recreation:
 Baseball, tennis, chess, poker
• General activity:
 Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds)
• Natural phenomena:
 Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain
Expressions of Quantity
Expressions of Quantity Used with count nouns
Used with noncount nouns
One
Each
Every
One apple
Each apple
Every apple
Ø
Ø
Ø
Two
Both
A couple of
Three, etc.
A few
Several
Many
A number of
Two apples
Both apples
A couple of apples
Three apples
A few apples
Several apples
Many apples
A number of apples
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
A little
Much
A great deal of
Not any/no
Some
A lot of
Lots of
Plenty of
Most
All
Ø
Ø
Ø
Not any/no apples
Some apples
A lot of apples
Lots of apples
Plenty of apples
Most apples
All apples
A little rice
Much rice
A great deal of rice
Not any/no rice
Some rice
A lot of rice
Lots of rice
Plenty of rice
Most rice
All rice
ANY
• Used in negatives
• Compare NOT vs. No:
– I do not have any money  NOT: to make a verb negative.
– I have no money  used as an adjective
SOME and ANY
• Examples:
• There was someone in his room. (+)
– There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-)
– There was no one in his room. (-)
• We have some time to waste. (+)
– We don’t have any time to waste. (-)
– We have no time to waste. (-)
Review
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives
•
•
•
•
Used to modify/describe nouns.
Miriam is an intelligent student.
The children saw some beautiful pictures.
Grandma loves her fat old cat.
• An adjective is neither singular nor plural.
Final –s is never added.
Adjectives
• Number is an adjective
– She has two cars.
– This is a five-star hotel.
– Claude won the one-billion-dollar lottery.
Adverbs
• Used to modify verbs, adjectives, other
adverbs or the whole sentence and to express
time or frequency.
• To modify verbs:
– He walks quickly.
– She opened the door quietly.
Adverbs
• To modify adjectives:
– I am very happy.
– She is quite elegant.
Adverbs of
manner
• To modify other adverbs
– The soccer team played extremely badly last weekend.
Adverbs
• To modify the whole sentence
– Usually, Tom is never late.
– Bridgett is always on time.
– Ann will come tomorrow.
– Let’s go outside
Adverbs of
place
Adverbs of
frequency
Adverbs of
time
Adverbs
• commonly have a form of adjective + ly
adjective
adverb
dangerous
dangerously
careful
carefully
nice
nicely
horrible
horribly
easy
easily
electronic
electronically
• Some do not
adjective
adverb
good
well
fast
fast
hard
hard
How to use
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Gerunds
• The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as
a subject or an object.
S
V
a) Playing tennis is fun.
Gerund phrase
S
V
O
b) We enjoy playing tennis.
prep
O
c) He’s exited about playing tennis.
Using IT + to Infinitive
• using gerunds as subjects
• Example of gerunds to infinitive form:
– Crouching
– Flipping


to crouch
to flip
Blaming others is an unseemly behavior
It is an unseemly behavior to blame others
• The word it refers to and has the same
meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of
the sentence
changing Gerund into To + infinitive
A. Riding a horse is always fun.
Gerund
verb
B. To ride a horse is always fun.
To + infinitive
verb
C. It is always fun to ride a horse
Added
subject
verb
To + infinitive
It + gerunds
• Sometimes used when the speaker is talking
about a particular situation and wants to give
the idea of “while”
• Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with
him.
• We were in danger while we were riding with
him.
End of Lecture 2