Transcript Language Threshold Booklet

English Language
Terminology
Homework
Booklet
How far can we learn, apply and
retain essential language
terminology?
Instructions
This booklet contains 25 key language concepts.
Each week, you need to work through the relevant
section of the booklet, completing the activities and
learning the definitions and uses of the concepts.
You will have a multiple choice test each Friday for the
remainder of this half-term based on the concepts you
should have covered. This will hopefully evidence
successful independent learning.
Section 1: Concepts 1- 10 for test on Friday 29th January
Section 2: Concepts 11-19 for test on Friday 5th February
Section 3: Concepts 20-25 for test on Friday 12th February
You will receive feedback on these tests and your
teachers can help you understand and remember these
items of terminology during your Language lessons.
1.) Adjectives
 Adjectives are describing words.
They are used to describe nouns
(people, places or things)
 For Example
“Mr. Utterson the lawyer was a man of a
rugged countenance, that was never lighted
by a smile; cold, scanty and embarrassed in
discourse…”
2.) Adverbs
 Adverbs are used to describe how
an action (verb) takes place.
 They are used to describe how,
when or where a verb is performed
 For Example
“his face became suddenly black and the
features seemed to melt and alter”
3.) Modal Verbs
 Modal verbs are used before a verb
to show possibility, certainty or
obligation
 For Example
“I couldn’t specify the point. He’s an
extraordinary-looking man, and yet I really
can name nothing out of the way”
Demonstrate your knowledge of
adjectives, adverbs and modals by
circling as many as possible
“The gunner was sitting there, watching him. One
hand, in a soft fur mitt, was stretched up as if to
retrieve the gun; the other lay in his overcalled lap. He
couldn’t move. He wore the black leather flyinghelmet of the Luftwaffe, and goggles. His right eye,
pale grey, watched through the goggled-glass
tolerantly and a little sadly. He looked a nice man,
young.
The glass of the other goggle was gone. Its rim was
thick with sticky red, and inside was a seething mass
of flies, which rose and buzzed angrily at Chas’s
arrival, then sank back into the goggle again.
For a terrible moment, Chas thought the Nazi might
still been alive, that the mitted hand would reach out
and grab him.”
4.) Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns replace
the noun and show ownership.
Write a
sentence
which
uses three
different
possessive
pronouns.
yours
himself
theirs
me
mine
themselves
herself yourselves
its
myself
his
itself
ours
yourself
hers
5.) Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive
pronouns end in
‘self’ or ‘selves’
and show when an
action reflects on
the main noun.
E.g.
myself, yourself,
himself, herself,
itself
themselves,
ourselves
Fix the sentences with
reflexive pronouns
1. She was talking to ________.
2. And I think to _______, what a
Fill in the
missing
wonderful
world.reflexive
pronouns.
3. Be true to ______, even when
things get tough.
4. If he knows something, he kept it to
______.
5. They are a law unto _______.
6.) Definite and Indefinite
Articles
A definite article
indicates that
the noun it is
used with is a
specific /
particular one:
An indefinite
article indicates
that the noun it is
used with is not a
specific /
particular one:
The children
know the fastest
way home.
Children know
the fastest ways
home.
Definite or Indefinite?
1. Give me the book.
2. Give me a book.
3. She had a house so large that a person
would get lost without a map.
4. Mr Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked
the hen-houses for the night.
5. Major was already ensconced on a bed of
straw, under a lantern which hung from a
beam.
7.) Definite determiner
A determiner is many things.
 There are many word classes that come under
the determiner ‘umbrella’.
 Definite determiners all refer to something
specific.
Type of Determiner
Examples
Definite Article
The
Demonstratives
This, that, these
and those
Possessives
My, your, his, her,
its, our, their, whose
Interrogatives
Which, what
Relative
Whichever and
whatever
8.) Indefinite
determiner
 A indefinite determiner is many things.
 There are many word classes that come under
the indefinite determiner ‘umbrella’.
 Indefinite determiners all refer to something nonspecific.
Type of
Determiner
Examples
Indefinite
Article
A, an, some,
any
Can you
annotate
the extract?
Change the indefinite
determiners to definite
determiners and visa versa.
How has the extract changed?
Does it make sense?
“As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there
was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm
buildings. Word had gone round during the day that
old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a
strange dream on the previous night and wished to
communicate it to the other animals. It had been
agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as
soon as Mr Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major
(so he was always called, though the name under
which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty)
was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone
was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to
hear what he had to say.”
9.) Verb infinitives
Verbs are action
words.
All verbs start their life
as an ‘infinitive’. This
is the bare form of the
verb with ‘to’ in front
of it.
E.g.
to walk, to run, to
think
Conjugation: When the verb is ready to go off
into the world it has to be ‘conjugated’. This
means put into a tense and put in a sentence.
E.g. ‘to walk’ becomes ‘I walked to the shops.’
 Look at the sentences below. For each one there is
an infinitive verb that you need to conjugate. Rewrite
the sentences into your books with the conjugated
verb.
1. I (to backslide) into my bad habit
again.
2. He (to bend) over to find his keys.
3. The mysterious woman (to foretell)
my future.
4. I (to blow) on my saxophone at the
show the other night.
5. He went to go saw the wood but it
had already been (to saw) off.
10.) Prefixes
 A prefix is a group of letters which can add to the
beginning of a root word to change the meaning of
the word.
 e.g. mis + fortune = misfortune
 Prefix meanings:
 Every prefix has a meaning, for example:
 The prefix ‘un’ means ‘not’
 The root word ‘clear’ means ‘bright’, ‘free from
difficulty’
 Un + clear = unclear which means ‘not clear’, ‘dim’
or ‘difficult to see/understand’
11.) Suffixes
 Adding suffixes to words can change or
add to their meaning, but most
importantly they show how a word will be
used in a sentence and what part of
speech (e.g. noun, verb or adjective) the
word belongs to.
 e.g. if you want to use the imperative word
‘talk’ in the following sentences:
 I was (talk) to Samina.
 You need to add the suffix ‘ing’ so that the
word ‘talk’ makes better sense
grammatically:
 “I was talking to Samina.”
12.) Antonyms and
Synonyms
Synonyms =
Antonyms =
 a word or phrase that
means exactly or
nearly the same as
another word or
phrase
 a word opposite in
meaning to another
 (e.g. good and bad)
 (e.g. excellent and
fantastic)
 Great
 Ordinary
 Suspicious
 Agree
 Helpful
Find antonyms for
these words:
 Yell
Find Synonyms for
these words:
13.) Semantic Fields
 What is a semantic field?
 A semantic field is a set of words that are
related in meaning.
 E.g. The words tail, bark, walk, canine,
bowl and fur are all words from the
semantic field of ‘dogs.’
 Lesson, class, desk, teacher, pencil case,
planner, timetable…
 What semantic field could these words
be from?
Highlight vocabulary which
evokes beauty and peace
Soft white sand covered my feet,
making them feel comfortable
and warm.
Beautiful rays of
sunlight danced in the summer
sky whilst people worshipped the
sun god. Above the dazzling,
peaceful sea an array of seagulls
flew heavenly over fishing boats.
This was bliss. This was perfection.
14.) Commas
Commas are used to separate
parts of sentences, or to mark a
short pause in a long sentence
 The last but one
item in a list is
usually joined with
the word ‘and’
instead of a comma.
 Commas are used to a
separate name, title or
description inside a
sentence.
For example:
For example:
 We had chips,
sausages, bacon
and peas for lunch.
 My dears, I’m delighted
to see you
 A bride should have
something old,
something new,
something
borrowed and
something blue.
 Answer the phone, Sally!
 I regret to say, ladies
and gentlemen, that our
play tonight is cancelled
Here’s a mix of sentences with lists and
terms of address.
Can you add the commas?
1.
Robert when will you arrive?
2.
Time for another talk Jim!
3.
I find you completely arrogant over-confident
and a general waste of space!
4.
Come here James and pick up your mess.
5.
You don’t know what you’re talking about idiot!
6.
She grabbed a handful of Mars bars chewy
sweets and bubblegum and went to the counter.
7.
The room was dirty smelly and very dark.
8.
Sweetie can you get that for me?
Commas can also separate short
asides and additions from the rest of the
sentence
For example:
 Well, I will do
what I can.
1. You should of
course wash your
hands before you
handle food.
 It’s very cold
today, isn’t it?
2. Yes Katy is here.
 His excuse, for
what it’s worth,
is that he
forgot.
3. It’s the 23rd isn’t
it?
Can you add commas
to these sentences?
15.) Question Marks
A rhetorical
question is a
figure of speech
in the form of a
question that is
asked in order to
make a point
rather than to
elicit an answer.
 Consider the lyrics to this
song from The Sound of
Music. It uses many question
marks but it is making a point
using metaphors rather than
asking a question.
How do you solve a problem
like Maria?
How do you catch a cloud and
pin it down?
How do you keep a wave upon
the sand?
How do you hold a moonbeam
in your hand?
What is the point being made
here?
16.) Exclamation Marks
Exclamation marks are used
to illustrate an emotional
response or to cause a
response from a reader.
1. We were stuck at Luton airport for four days!
2. Be home by ten o’clock, or else!
3. Wow!
4. No, I don’t want to go there!
5. No! I don’t want to go there!
6. I can’t believe my eyes!
What specific
emotions do the
exclamation
marks here
convey?
7. The wolf went Grr!, and the little girl ran away.
17.) Colons
 These can be used in three different ways.
1. To introduce an explanation or an example. You make short point
and then expand on it:
A celebrity chef: someone who spends as much time on the TV as they
do in their kitchen.
2. To introduce a list or bullet points.
Gordon Ramsay has three priorities for every dish: well cooked, fresh
ingredients and great taste.
You must make sure that the information that comes before the colon
stands alone as a sentence. If that doesn’t work just write the list without
a colon.
Gordon Ramsay has been on several famous TV shows:
-
Kitchen Nightmares
-
Hell’s Kitchen
-
The F Word
3. To introduce longer quotations.
Gordon Ramsay has strong opinions about fresh food in his book
Ramsay’s Food with Friends: “It’s just got to be the freshest possible
ingredients. Fresh ingredients are better than expensive ones!”
18.) Semi-Colons
 The semicolon (;) has one major use. It is used to
join two complete sentences into a single written
sentence when all of the following conditions
are met:
 (1) The two sentences are felt to be too closely
related to be separated by a full stop;
 (2) There is no connecting word which would
require a comma, such as and or but;
 (3) The special conditions requiring a colon are
absent.
For Example…
 Here is a famous example:
 ‘It was the best of times; it was the worst of
times. ‘
 A semicolon can always, in principle, be
replaced either by a full stop (yielding two
separate sentences) or by the word and
(possibly preceded by a joining comma).
Thus Dickens might have written:
 It was the best of times. It was the worst of
times.
or
 It was the best of times, and it was the worst
of times.
Insert 2 colons and 2
semi-colons…
Harmony loved three things about being in Mr Bruff’s class
friends, fun and a fantastic teacher. She always looked
forward to Monday. It was her favourite day of the week.
Preston was the same. Since moving to Mr Bruff’s class he
had decided that when he was older he wanted to be an
English teacher. There were three other students in the
class who also wanted to be just like Mr Bruff when they
grew up Cameron, Chris and Abbey. Chris was already
halfway there, because he had a beard.
Some of the other students in the class felt differently.
Ronan wanted to be an astronaut when he grew up. He
already had his own space-ship so he practiced going to
the moon on a regular basis. Ronan’s big ambition was to
fly to the moon because it looked scary, different and
intriguing.
19.) Apostrophes
 An apostrophe is used to show that
letters are missing when two words
have been put together.
 e.g. Does not  Doesn’t
 Are not  Aren’t
 An apostrophe is also used to show that
something is owned by something else.
 This is Peter’s book
 This pen is Richard’s
 The dog’s dinner is disgusting
Apostrophes
 Can you change these phrases to
use the apostrophe?
 The leg of the table.
 Photo of mother
 The T-shirts belonging to the men
 The rules of the school
 The books belonging to the library.
20.) Speech and
Quotation Marks
Single or double quotation marks denote either
speech or a quotation. Neither style—single or
double—is an absolute rule, though double
quotation marks are preferred in the United States,
and both single and double quotation marks are
used in the United Kingdom. A publisher’s or
author’s style may take precedence over national
general preferences. The important rule is that the
style of opening and closing quotation marks must
be matched.
When a new character is speaking, you need to
start a new line.
Insert speech marks and decide where a new line
must be used in the following passage:
Application: Can you follow all the rules of
speech marks by rewriting this passage?
The voice spoke again. I can't hardly move with all these
creeper things. The owner of the voice came backing out
of the undergrowth so that twigs scratched on a greasy
wind-breaker. The naked crooks of his knees were plump,
caught and scratched by thorns. He bent down, removed
the thorns carefully, and turned around. He was shorter
than the fair boy and very fat. He came forward,
searching out safe lodgements for his feet, and then
looked up through thick spectacles. Where's the man with
the megaphone? The fair boy shook his head. This is an
island. At least I think it's an island. That's a reef out in the
sea. Perhaps there aren't any grownups anywhere. The fat
boy looked startled.
21.) Parentheses and
Brackets
 We use parentheses to enclose information that can be
left out.
The information in parentheses is not essential to the
meaning of the original sentence. it is given as
additional, or extra, information.
 Examples:
 Sam (the boy from the school) helped me with my
homework.
 The girl ate her ice-cream cone. (Her favourite flavour
was chocolate.)
Insert these extra pieces of
information by parenthetical brackets
2.) on a sort of raised
platform
3.) in spite of the fact that his
rushes had never been cut.
1.) the prize Middle White boar
As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was
a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings.
Word had gone round during the day that old Major
had had a strange dream on the previous night and
wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had
been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn
as soon as Mr Jones was safely out of the way. Old
Major was so highly regarded on the farm that
everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in
order to hear what he had to say.
At one end of the big bam Major was already
ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which
hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had
lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majesticlooking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance.
4.) so he was always called,
though the name under
which he had been
exhibited was Willingdon
Beauty
22.) Sentence Functions
1.) Declarative: A sentence that is a statement. It is followed by a full stop.
Example: Bill gave his report to the teacher.
2.) Exclamative : A sentence that expresses a feeling. It is followed by an
exclamation mark.
For example: Wow! What a great surprise!
3.) Imperative : these sentences are used as commands.
They can be identified quite easily as they often start of with a verb.
For example:
- Chill out!
- Do the dishes.
- Go away
4.) Interrogative : A sentence that is a question. It is followed by a question mark.
For example: Did you know the answer?
Can you annotate this
transcript for different
sentence types?
T = Teacher
S1 = Student 1
S2 = Student 2
S3 = Student 3
(.) = Pause

T: ok in our last lesson we looked at the ways in which Shakespeare
presents Richard in his opening soliloquy (.) can anyone summarise what
we discovered from our reading?

S1: that Richard doesn’t like peace and would prefer to be at war.

T: good and what does that suggest about how Shakespeare might be
presenting him?

S1: that he is violent and uncivilised.

T: yes and of course in comparison to his brother Edward, Richard is
unable to function without war and that presents him as an outsider (.)
even to his own family (.) right (.) what else did we look at?

S2: that Richard is deformed and ugly to look at.

T: can you remember that line, James?

S2: that dogs bark at me.

T: and Sarah, why might Shakespeare have wanted to present Richard in
this way?

S3: I don’t know.

T: who was on the throne when he was writing it?

S3: Elizabeth.

T: and Elizabeth was…

S3: related to Henry VII

T: she was his granddaughter yes so

S3: so Shakespeare would want to show her in a goo way or he might be
in trouble.

T: well done.
23.) Cohesion- Lexical
Connectors
Can you think of
any other
examples?
Function
Example of lexical item
Addition
and
Consequence
so, therefore
Comparative
similarly
Temporal
later, next
Enumeration
firstly
Summative
in conclusion
What is a Lexical Connector?
These are used to ensure that your writing is fluid and
that your sentences and paragraphs are linked.
24.) Subordinate Clause
A subordinate clause (or dependent clause) is a clause that
cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does
not express a complete thought.
Like all causes, a subordinate clause has a subject and a verb.
 Here are some examples of subordinate clauses within
sentences. Remember, subordinate clauses can not stand
alone as a sentence.
1.
She had a pretty gift for quotation, which is a serviceable
substitute for wit. (W Somerset Maugham, 1874-1965)
2.
A musicologist is a man who can read music but can't hear it.
(Sir Thomas Beecham, 1879-1961)
3.
Always be nice to those younger than you because they are
the ones who will be writing about you. (Cyril Connolly, 19031974)
4.
Personally I'm always ready to learn, although I do not always
like being taught. (Sir Winston Churchill, 1874-1965)
Application- Animal Farm
All the animals were now present except Moses, the
tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back
door. When Major saw that they had all made
themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively
he cleared his throat and began:
'Comrades, you have heard already about the
strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to
the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do
not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many
months longer, and before I die I feel it my duty to pass
on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had
a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay
alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I
understand the nature of life on this earth as well as
any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to
speak to you.
Can you find
any
subordinate
clauses?
25.) Simple, Compound and Complex
Sentences
 1.) Simple: You all use simple sentences in your
writing. For example ‘The sand was golden.’ or ‘The
sun was hot.’
 2.) Compound: When you have two or more short,
independent, simple sentences which are of equal
weight you can join them together using
CONJUNCTIONS. For example: ‘I like running and I
like cycling.’
 3.) Complex: In complex sentences the conjunction
is used to join together clauses. A clause is a group
of words that contains a subject and a verb. Some
of these clauses might be complete short
sentences, but in a complex sentence at least one
of them will depend on the conjunction for its
meaning.
For example: ‘My house, which is 2 miles away,
has 3 bedrooms.’
Simple, Compound or
Complex?
1. I tried to speak Spanish and my friend tried to speak
French.
2. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to
give the teacher the last page.
3. Some students like to study in the mornings.
4. Alicia goes to the library to study everyday.
5. Mark played football, so Maria went shopping.
6. Kelly and Beth went to the movie, after they
finished studying.