Transcript STUDENT VERSION Ppts Complementation

English Grammar 1
Lecture 8
March 11th 2016
Modality
Complementation Patterns
Analyze this text
Identify the area in which the student writer
has most problems/ is least controlled.
 My cat is amazing. She likes to climb up a
tall lovely brown trees. Then she get stucked
and she cries for help. So my older brother
climbs up and brings her back down.
2
Analyze this text
 My cat is amazing. She likes to climb up a
tall lovely brown trees. Then she get stucked
and she cries for help. So my older brother
climbs up and brings her back down.
Experiential meaning:
Are the noun and verb choices appropriate for the purpose of
the text? Are the Noun Groups faulty? Are the VGs faulty?
Interpersonal meaning:
Are the pronoun choices appropriate? Is the tense/voice
choice appropriate/ faulty?
3
The writer has the least control over
experiential meaning in terms of noun
groups and verb group construction.
Analyze this text
Faulty NG.
Unconventional order of modifiers
Deictic choice inappropriate: singular article
cannot be chosen with plural nouns

My cat is amazing. She likes to climb up a tall
lovely brown trees. Then she get stucked and
she cries for help. So my older brother climbs
up and brings her back down.
Faulty VG
Faulty construction of
VEN
4
Modality: Type and Value
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing
Are the words listed above
“negative” or “positive” polarity?
She must not use my IPod.
Modality Type = ____________________
Modality Value = ____________________
Polarity = _______________________
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing
She will likely use it anyway.
Modality Type = ____________________
Modality Value = ____________________
Polarity = _______________________
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing
It is not likely that I will trust her again.
Modality Type = ____________________
Modality Value = ____________________
Polarity = _______________________
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing
Clause Constituents' Functions
Subject
Finite
P
Predicator
O
Object
C
omplement
C
Adjunct
A
Identify the Function
(above the wording)
 That boy is crying.
 He broke his arm yesterday and it hurts.
Complementation Patterns
TERMS TO KNOW
Object
 Oi
 Od
Complement
 Cs
 Co
 Cx (non-central)
OBJECTS
Od = Direct objects
 Ted sold his house.
Oi = Indirect objects
 He sent her a red rose.
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Od Direct Objects
s
F
P
Od
I’ll make some tea.
N
VG
NG
Oi Indirect Objects
S F
P
Oi
Od
I’ll make you a cup.
NG
VG
NG
NG
Identify the Objects in the following:
Oi or Od (Write only Oi Od)
1.All the men wore dark suits.
2. We found that map useful.
3. I gave the dog a bath.
Complements
 Cs = Complement of the subject (PCs in Collins
and Hollo)
 He is silly.
 Co = Complement of the object(Pco in Collins
and Hollo)
 Tom considered her a genius.
 Cx (non-central) = Locative/ goal/ temporal
 We flew to Moscow.
 Grandpa is on the sofa.
 We treated them as friends.
16
Cs: Complement of Subject
 Attributive subject complements are
realised by AdjGs and NGs. (Attributes: what
something is like)
 Identifying Subject Complements can be
realised by NGs and by clauses. (Identifying: what
something is)
 Reversible:
 Mrs Williams is the singer.
 The singer is Mrs Williams.
p.103 Collins & Hollo
Attributive or Identifying?
 Mr Walters is young.
 Mr Walters is the thief.
 Mr Walters became a wanted criminal.
Cs: Complement Subject
 When does it occur?
 The monkeys were naughty and mischievous.
 To escape from the zoo is what Mr. Zebra wanted
to do.
 The elephant became the leader of the animals.
 What kind of verb(al) process can you identify?
Function:
A of
linking
verb(NP?
is used
to link a description /
 What kind
phrase?
AdjP?)
feature to the NG. (Relational process)
Co: Complement of Object
 The zoo animals considered the elephant brilliant.
 The animals left their cages spotless.
 The crocodile found the plan ridiculous.
 AdjP or NP: both are okay
Object complements provide additional information
about the object
Cx : Non-Central Complements
Temporal
Locative
Goal
Non-Central Complement
Cx : temporal/ locative / goal
S F
P
Cx
A
 I’ve been looking for you for 200 years
 “For you” PP
 complement of the verb, look (for)
 “For 200 years” PP
 The PP is an adjunct because it is more readily
omitted
Collins & Hollo p. 105
Cx: temporal/ locative / goal
 S
F/P
Cx
 Mary turned down the lane
 NG
VG
PP
 The constituents cannot be rearranged
 * Mary turned the lane down
Collins & Hollo p. 107
Cx: temporal/ locative / goal
 EXAMPLES:
 I put the dish in the dishwasher.
 Keep your hands on the wheel!
 There is someone at the door.
Complements vs. Adjuncts

S
F
A
P
 Grandpa is sleeping on the sofa

S
F
 Grandpa is
Cx
on the sofa
p.102 Collins & Hollo
Complement or Adjunct?
 the use [of computers] [in schools]
 Of computers
 Adjunct
 Complement
 In schools
 Adjunct
 complement
The phrase “of computers”
immediately follows the
HEAD, use, and completes
its meaning. Therefore it is
the Complement of the
Head. It cannot be omitted
from the phrase:
*the use in schools
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/phfunc/compare.htm
REVIEW: Complements
 Cs = Complement of the subject (PCs in Collins and
Hollo)
 He is silly.
 Co = Complement of the object(Pco in Collins and
Hollo)
 Tom considered her a genius.
 Cx (non-central) = Locative/ goal/ temporal
 We flew to Moscow.
 Grandpa is on the sofa.
 We treated them as friends.
27
Identify the Complement: Cs Co or Cx
1. We found that map useful.
2. That map was useful.
3. That map was old.
4. The map had been under the bed.
What do Complements do?
e.g. Mr. Walters; the monkeys
LINKS a description/ features to the NG.
e.g. the plan; the cages; the elephants
 Provides ADDitional information about the
object.
These patterns have NAMES
s
F
Od
P
 I’ll make some tea.
 SF
P
Oi
Od
 I’ll make you a cup.
S
P
Od
Co
 I made the tea too strong.
S
F
Cs
 This is bad tea.
Ø
 He choked.
S
F/P
Od= Direct Object
Oi= Indirect Object
Co= complement of the object
Cs = complement of the subject
These patterns have NAMES
Od
 I’ll make some tea. Monotransitive
SF
P
Oi
Od
 I’ll make you a cup. Ditransitive
S
P
Od
Co
 I made the tea too strong. Complex Transitive
S F
Cs
 This is bad tea. Copular
S F/P Ø
 He choked. Intransitive
Complementation Patterns and their Names
Complementation patterns show the patterns in
which particular types of structures may or may
not occur after a verb in a clause. These
patterns can be:
 Intransitive (ø)
 Copulative
 Monotransitive
 Ditransitive
 Complex transitive
3 Main Patterns
 1. Intransitive (Ø)
 2. Copular/copulative
 3. Transitive (providing additional information)
 3 SUB-TYPES
 Mono transitive (one; single)
 Di- transitive (two)
 Complex transitive
Complementation Pattern NAMES
Pattern
Definition
Example
Intransitive
No Complement,
no Object
We sat.
They jogged.
Mono-transitive
One object
He loves his toys.
He stole my car.
Di-transitive
Two objects: Oi &
Od (Oi- indirect
object; Od- direct
object)
They gave us flowers.
Complex-transitive
One Object and
an extra
Complement
I find you wonderful.
Copulative
After linking or
relational verbs
We are hard-working.
We cooked a meal for them.
They seem hard workers.
 No complement
 No object
Intransitive
 What do you notice in the following
examples? What is the structure of the clause?
 They all laughed.
 Someone yawned.
 It’s raining.
 The sun rose.
 Has everyone arrived?
Some verbs are always intransitive
(arrive, snow, blink, vanish).
Common Intransitive Verbs
 Verbs of behavior: cry, smile, die, blink, blush,
tremble, sigh, collapse, faint, fall, sneeze.
 Verbs of weather: rain, snow
 Verbs of occurrence: appear, disappear, go,
come, depart, happen, vanish, fade.
Intransitive…no Direct Object
 Typically, an adverb or prepositional
phrase modifies an intransitive verb or the
verb ends the sentence.
 To determine whether a verb is intransitive
ask whether the action is done in some
way, in some direction or to some degree
(if the verb is modified).
Examples: These PPs modify the verbs. What
questions do these PPs answer?
 Jordan drove into the lane.
WHERE?
 Thousands of cranes will return in the spring.
 WHEN?
 She worked with care and precision.
 HOW to what degree?
 Elise competed for her family.
 WHY?
The verbs are modified by PPs.
The pattern is Intransitive
Some verbs can be used as
both transitive and intransitive
S
F/P
Od
 The pilot landed the plane.
Transitive
S
F/P
 The plane landed.
Intransitive
 The plane landed on the runway.
 The plane landed with a bump.
Identify the INTRANSITIVE verb in the following.
Write the verb on your whiteboards.
1. It rained heavily all night long.
2. He gave his dog a bone.
3. He jumped.
4. He jumped out of fear.
Complementation Patterns
 Intransitive (ø)
 Intransitive verbs do not take an object or complement.
 Copulative
TRANSITIVE: 3 subtypes
 Monotransitive
 Ditransitive
 Complex transitive
 Transitive verbs usually require one or more
objects.
Does a noun receive the action of the verb?
If it does, then the verb is transitive and the
person or thing that receives its action is the
direct object.
3 Sub-types
Mono-Transitive
Di-transitive
Complex Transitive
Mono-Transitive Patterns
 V + NG
 V + prep + Ng
 That dog bit me.
 I’ll see to the
sandwiches.
 V + finite that clause
 V + finite wh-clause
 He believes that he is
correct.
 She asked what I
meant.
 V+to infinitive
 He wants to stay.
 V + -ing clause
 They like staying
out late.
Mono-transitive one object
 We must put away all our clothes.
 They don’t play Angry Birds.
 She loves her dog.
Monotransitive or Intransitive?
1. His father’s eyes widened.
2. He said he was sorry.
3. He opened his mouth.
4. He died.
5. He bought a sympathy card.
 The complex-transitive pattern has one
Object and one Complement, after verbs
such as appoint, name and find.
Mono Transitive
Direct
object
We found the house.
Now compare this with a COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
Complex Transitive
We found the house empty.
Direct
object
objection
infrequent
object
Object
Complement
Complex Transitive
S
F/P
Od
Co
II I We I found I the house I empty I II
NG VG
NG
Adjg
S
F/P
Od
Co
II I He I called I her I an angel I II
NG VG
NG
NG
Compare: Mono Transitive
He got his new shoes.
He bought them.
He now owns them.
Direct
object
Compare this with a
complex transitive
pattern.
Complex Transitive
He got his new shoes wet.
Compare:
S
F/P
Od
II I He I got I his new shoes I II
NG
VG
NG
Od
Co
II I He I got I his new shoes I wet I II
S
NG
F/P
VG
NG
Adjg
Monotransitive or Complex?
1. We found the house.
2. We found the house empty.
3. He got his shoes.
4. He got his shoes wet.
Complex Transitive Patterns
 V+NG+Adjg
 I found it useful
 V+NG+NG
 The consider him a
genious
 V+NG+as+NG
 They labeled it as
ridiculous.
 V+NG+obligatory
locative (Cx)
 Put the dish in the
microwave.
 V+NG+ to infinitive
 The believe him to
be a genious
 V+NG+ bare inf
 He made them
stand up
 V+NG+ -ing cl
 He kept us waiting.
 V+NG+ -en cl
 I heard two shots
fired
Check your Tutorial Notes
 Ditransitive patterns contain a three-place
verb (give, offer, rob, blame -- verbs of
transfer (give, lend ) and intended transfer
(buy, get)
 E.g. Give her a hand
 I’ll buy a gift for him
 Subject and the two objects.
Di-Transitive or Complex?
They called her a donkey, and
she burst into tears.
complex
You are a
DONKEY!!!!
WAHHH..
Di-Transitive or Complex?
S
F/P
Od
Co
II I They I called I her I a donkey I II
I am NOT a
donkey…..
Di-Transitive or Complex?
 They called her a donkey, but the silly animal
refused to carry her luggage!
Hello? We need
a donkey to
transport some
luggage.
They called a donkey for her (to
help carry her luggage)
Di-Transitive or Complex?
S
F/P
II I They I called I
Oi
Od
her I a donkey. I II
Hello? I’m calling
for my friend. She
needs a donkey.
Di-transitive or Complex?
“Call me a cab.”
I want my identity to be that of a car (taxi)(Complex)
“Okay. You’re a cab.”
 “Call me a cab!”
Call a taxi for me (Ditransitive)
 “Okay, what’s the phone number?”
Di Transitive or Complex?
1.
We found Nancy a new watch.
2. They baked her a cake.
3. We found Nancy an entertaining speaker.
4. They made her the leader of the team.
Ditransitive Patterns
 V+NG NG
 I gave Jo a copy
 V+NG+prep+NG
 We reminded
her of the time
 V+NG+ that
clause
 He assured her
that he cared.
 V+NG+wh clause
 He asked me
where the library
was.
 V+NG+ to inf.
 She told us to sit
down.
 Copular / copulative verbs require a
Subject Complement. (Cs)
Copulative
 The most prototypical copular verb is BE
followed by a wide range of adjectives
and NGs.
 Structure:
 V + AdjG
The game is very simple.
attribute
 V + NG
This road is the M40.
identification
Copulative (copular)
 As well as be and seem, a wide range of verbs
can be used to link the subject to its
Complement.
 She seems nice.
 These add meanings of transition (become, get,
go, grow, turn) and of perception (sound, smell,
look)
 He became a great man.
 The music sounds ethereal.
 He went insane.
Patterns with Copular Verbs
 V+AdjG
 The game is very simple.
 V+NG
 This road is Ting Kok Road.
Identify the Complementation Patterns
in the following sentences. [next slide]
• Intransitive
• Monotransitive
• Di transitive
• Complex transitive
• Copular
1. She likes cats.
a.
Mono
b. Ditransitive
c. Intransitive d. Complex
2. She is cat-like in her movements.
a. Monotransitive b. Copular c. Ditransitive d. Intransitive
3.
She feeds cats that she finds on the streets.
a. Monotransitive b. Complex
c. Ditransitive d. Copular
1. He likes old movie stars.
a.
Mono
b. Ditransitive
c. Intransitive d. Complex
2. He is like an old movie star.
a. Monotransitive b. Copular c. Ditransitive d. Intransitive
3. That old man enjoys old movies that were
filmed in black and white.
a. Monotransitive b. Complex
c. Ditransitive d. Copular
MONOtransitive
S
F/P
Od
She feeds cats that she finds on the streets.
NG
VG
NG
This is a NG. In the original clause it
functions as the Od.
An analysis of this NG is as follows:
H
Post-M
cats that she finds on the streets.
N
Downshifted Rel Cl
MONOtransitive
S
F/P
Od
That old man enjoys movies that were filmed in black and white.
NG
VG
NG
This is a NG. In the original clause it
functions as the Od.
An analysis of this NG is as follows:
H
Post-M
movies that were filmed in black and white.
N
Downshifted Rel Cl
Complementation Summary
1
S
F/P
Intransitive
Sally left
2
S
F/P
Od
Monotransitive
I lifted the desk
3
(S) (F)
(P)
(Oi)
(Od)
Ditransitive
I am giving him a book
4
S
(F/P)
(Od)
(Co)
I declared her a genius
5
(S)
(F)
The book is
(Cs)
good
Complex
transitive
Copulative
PROJECT DUE
BEFORE THE PLENARY
 (the last one!)
NEXT Friday (March 18th)
 COME TO CLASS EARLY!!!
Tutorials: 15th, 16th, 17th
Focus:
 Complementation patterns
Upcoming: Quiz #3 the following week
 Focus: Complementation Patterns; Adjuncts
and PPs