Transcript one independent clause

Prentice Hall
Writing and Grammar
Chapter 20
Phrases and Clauses
Phrases
• A phrase is a group of words that functions
in a sentence as a single part of speech.
• Phrases do not contain a subject and a
verb.
Using Prepositional Phrases
• A prepositional phrase is made up of at
least two parts: a preposition and a noun
or pronoun that is the object of the
preposition.
– near jungles
– near remote Asian jungles
– near remote Asian grasslands and jungles
Using Phrases That Act as
Adjectives
• An adjective phrase is a prepositional
phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun
by telling what kind or which one.
– The story about tigers begins now.
– The tiger with the stripes faced us.
Using Phrases That Act as Adverbs
• An adverb phrase is a prepositional
phrase that modifies a verb, and
adjective, or an adverb.
– Bring your panda bear to the desk.
– The parade began at exactly eleven o’clock.
• Adverb phrases point out where, when, in
what way, or to what extent.
Using Appositive Phrases
• An appositive is a noun or pronoun
placed after another noun or pronoun to
identify, rename, or explain it.
– The naturalist John James Audubon
identified several eagles.
– The plains bison has a simple scientific name:
Bison bison.
– We visited the Empire State: New York
Appositive phrases
• An appositive phrase is a noun or pronoun with
modifiers. It stands next to a noun or pronoun
and adds information or details.
– The Asian water buffalo, an animal similar to the
American bison, lives in Asia.
– Willa Cather, an American novelist, wrote My
Antonia.
– Two birds, the hawk and the eagle, are easily
confused.
– This animal, the American buffalo, is one of the
largest land mammals.
Clauses
• A clause is a group of words with its own
subject and verb.
• There are two types of clauses:
independant clause and subordinate
clause.
Using Independent and
Subordinate Clauses
• An independent clause has a subject and
a verb and can stand by itself as a
complete sentence.
– The ski lift took us up the mountain.
– Lance Armstrong, an American cyclist, won
the Tour de France.
– In the morning, we practiced on the
beginner’s ski slope.
Subordinate Clauses
• A subordinate clause has a subject and a
verb, but cannot stand by itself as a
complete sentence. It is only part of a
sentence.
– After she reached the top of the cliff
– When the bicycle had a flat tire
– When mountain biking began in California
Look at the independent and
subordinate clauses:
• When mountain biking began in California,
it did very well.
• Although regular bikes did not work very
well, most people couldn’t afford to buy
special bikes.
• Cyclists ride, although sometimes the
weather is not nice.
Classifying Sentences by Structure
• A simple sentence consists of a single
independent clause.
– The bell rang.
– You and I need some lessons.
– The skier turned and jumped.
– My mother and father wished me luck and
drove me to the race.
– I tried ski-jumping and snowboarding.
– She rode up the path to school.
The Compound Sentence
• A compound sentence consists of two or
more independent clauses.
• Compound sentences are almost always
joined with a comma/conjunction or with a
semicolon.
– Bridget ran the first part, and Tara biked the
second part.
– Bridget ran the first part; Tara biked the
second part.
The Complex Sentence
• A complex sentence consists of one
independent clause and one or more
subordinate clauses.
– This is the event that he describes in the
book.
– Andrea, who plays basketball, won a trophy.
– Because Kayla has so much climbing
experience, we asked her to lead our group.
Phrases and Clauses Review
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Simple Sentences
Compound and Complex Sentences
Phrases and Objects
Prepositional Phrases
Clauses and Compound Sentences