Transcript Gerund Phrase

Grammar
What you will need to
know for the quiz:
Clauses
Phrases
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• Four kinds of sentences
• Four kinds of complements
Irregular Verbs:
to lie vs. to lay
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Review
Kinds of Sentences
Complements
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Four Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
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1. Simple Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains a main
(or independent) clause—a subject and
verb (or predicate)
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant.
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2. Compound Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains two or
more main (or independent) clauses and no
subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb
walked.
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3. Complex Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains one
main (or independent) clause and at least
one subordinate (or dependent) clause
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant.
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4. Compound-Complex
Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains at least
two main (or independent) clauses and one
or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant, and Caleb walked.
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Complements
Definition:
a word or words used to complete the sense
of a verb.
Click here for four types.
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Four Types of Complements
1. Predicate noun (subject complement):
Rhoda became a star.
2. Predicate adjective:
Betty was courageous.
3. Direct Object:
Janet loves Jill.
4. Indirect Object:
Give me the hammer, please.
Question for review: Which are linking verbs?
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Sentences one and two
contain linking verbs:
Rhoda became a star.
Betty was courageous.
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Clauses
MAIN
SUBORDINATE
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Main Clause
Definition: All sentences include a main
clause (or independent clause)—
that is, a subject and a verb.
Example:
The dog jumped over the plate.
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Subordinate Clauses
Adjective
Adverb
Noun
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Adjective Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as adjective (tells
more about the noun)
Example:
Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a
little bunny.
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Adverb Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as adverb (tells the
when, why, how, where, under what
condition)
Example:
Before we go, I must put on my shoes.
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Noun Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as noun
(as subject, direct object, indirect object,
subject complement,object of preposition,
or appositive)
Click here for kinds of noun clauses.
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Kinds of Noun Clauses
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as indirect object
As object of preposition
as appositive
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Noun Clause: As Subject
That it snowed surprised me.
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Noun Clause:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The question was how to
cross the bridge.
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Noun Clause:
As Object of Preposition
You give the drum to
whoever wants it.
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Noun Clause:
As Direct Object
Chapin girls know that reading
is fun.
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Noun Clause:
As Indirect Object
Sally told whoever was nearby
her story about the fish.
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Noun Clause: As Appositive
My teacher’s wish that I
become a lifelong lover of
literature could happen.
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Phrases
PREPOSITIONAL
VERBAL
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Phrases: Verbals
Infinitive
Participial
Gerund
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Infinitive Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
an infinitive and all the words related to it
(an infinitive is a verb form that can be
used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb).
An infinitive usually begins with “to.”
Click here for kinds of infinitive phrases.
Question for review:
What is the infinitive alone?
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to speak
(the infinitive)
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Kinds of Infinitive Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as appositive
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Infinitive Phrase: As Subject
To snow hard is a wonder.
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Infinitive Phrase:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The trick was to carry the egg
slowly.
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Infinitive Phrase:
As Direct Object
Chapin girls like to study hard.
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Infinitive Phrase:
As Appositive
My teacher’s wish to climb
Bear Mountain could
happen.
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Prepositional Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a preposition, a noun or pronoun that
serves as the object of the prep., and any
modifiers of that object (they can function
as adjective or adverb in a sentence)
Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans
(adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.).
Question for review:
Where is the appositive?
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On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave
screeched with laughter.
(the appositive)
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Participial Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a participle and words related to it (a
participle is a verb form that is used as an
adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends
in -ed or -en)
Click here for examples.
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Participial Phrase:
Examples (present and past)
Tapping my foot, I looked out the
window with longing.
Filled with anger, the woman stormed
into the building.
Question #1 for review:
What are the participles alone?
Question #2 to test your knowledge
of gerunds vs. participles.
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of participial phrase.
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tapping
(present participle)
filled
(past participle)
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Gerund Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a gerund and words related to it (a gerund
is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be
confused with present participles!—and
functions as a noun)
Click here for kinds of gerund phrases.
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Which is the gerund?
Which is the participle?
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
Walking down the street that windy
day, I wished I took the bus.
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Participle:
Walking down the street that
windy day, I wished I took the
bus.
Gerund:
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
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Kinds of Gerund Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as indirect object
as object of preposition
as appositive
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Gerund Phrase: As Subject
Running in water is good for
your legs.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
Her hope was getting a good
seat.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Object of Preposition
You’ll need shoes for
walking through the mud.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Direct Object
I love playing the piano.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Indirect Object
She gave playing the
piano a chance.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Appositive
Mary’s role, playing Nora in
A Doll House, was a great
opportunity for her.
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To Lay: to put, place
• Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.
• Past: I laid, you laid, etc.
• Present perfect: I have laid, you have
laid, etc.
• Past progressive: I was laying, you
were laying, etc.
To Lie
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To Lie: to recline
• Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.
• Past: I lay, you lay, etc.
• Present perfect: I have lain, you have
lain, etc.
• Past progressive: I was lying, you were
lying, etc.
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Is this correct?
The old man lay on the couch.
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Yes!
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