Transcript 投影片 1
Group 5 蔡孟儒 Doris 592202477 葉子菲 Claire 592202453 陳秀綿 Catherine 592202295 楊侑甄 Debby 592202556 葉思琳 Sandy 592202271 李念穎 Anne 592202051 Segment Elision and Insertion Rules ◈° 1.Elision ◈° ◈° 2. Insertion ◈° ▒ (b) When the ending –s (es, –s, or s’) follows sibilants / s, z, N, I, tN, dI / to form plural nouns, possessive nouns, or third-person-singular verbs, is inserted between a sibilant and the ending /z/. ▒ ◐ °◐ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° ◈ ◐ °◐ °◐ ◐ °◐ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° ◈ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° ◈ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° ◈ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° §▒ (c) When the ending –ed is preceded by alveolar stops / t, d / to mark a regular tense verb, / / is inserted between an alveolar stop and the ending / d /. ▒§ ◑ °Examples: needed / n id 0 d / invented / 0 nv G n t 0 d / attended / D t G n d 0 d/ inserted / 0 ns " t 0 d / ◑° ★▒ Elision ▒ ★=(Omission) ▒ ★ Elision refers to when a sound or syllable is lost or omitted. It particularly affects: consonant clusters; weakly stressed syllables that are not especially missed; and words that end in an alveolar consonant and that are immediately followed by a word beginning with a consonant. The sounds that are elided are those sounds that are so weakly articulated that they no longer have any auditory significance. Note When a vowel is elided, it is usually a weak vowel, typically the schwa. When a consonant is elided, it is usually because it's in an environment with other consonants. A vowel, particularly schwa / / before / r /, may be omitted in the unstressed syllable which is preceded by an initial stressed syllable Eexample: every / evDr0 / → [ Gvr0 ] average / $vDr0dI / → [ $vr0dI ] natural / n$tNDrDl / → [ n$tNrDl ] different / d0fDrDnt / → [ d0fDrDnt ] ★▒ Other omissions ▒★ : (a) / t / is omitted between /s/ and /l/ castle [ k$sl ] whistle [ hw0sl ] (b) / b / is omitted before /t/ and after /m/ debt [ d G t ] tomb [ tum ] comb [ kom ] ◐ °◐ °◐(c) / h / is lost in reduced (unstressed) personal pronouns and verbs “to have.” he / h0 / → [ 0 ] him / h 0 m / → [ 0 m ] have /h D v/ → [ D v] had / h D d/ → [ D d] In addition, silent letters in many English words also belong to this sound omission ◐ °◐ °◐ ★ 1. A deliberate act of omission: “ with the exception or the children, everyone was told the news” ★ 2. emission of a sound between two word (usually a vowel and the end one word or the beginning of the next). ◐ °◐ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° ◈ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° ◈ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° ◈ ◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ °◐ ° It often occurs with clusters of consonants. postman pos(t)man msahed potatoes mash(ed) potatoes next week nex(t)week ■ po?smDn m$N pDteito?z neks wilk Some English words are quite hard to pronounce without any elision, such as asthma, facts, twelfths. In some words, the weak vowels can also be elided. Elided form library history policeman government lib(ra)ry hist(o)ry p(o)liceman gov(ern)ment laibri h0stri plismDn gKvmDnt Alveolar consonants /t/ and /d/ when ‘sandwiched between consonants’ The next day The last car Hold the dog! Send Frank a card …/MD neks de0/ …/MD lA:s kA:/ .../hD?l MD dog/ …/sen fr$Hk D kA:d/ ★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★·﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★﹒★ English spelling provides evidence of historical elision - sounds that were once pronounced but are no longer. listen, answer, thistle, walk, climb. With these examples there is no longer a choice. With examples like next week or library, it is possible to use the elided or the unelided form. The End