Transcript notes
Verbals Words that LOOK like verbs, but are not verbs. Participles…. • …look like verbs, act as adjectives (ask: What kind? How many? Which one? ) – Modify nouns/pronouns (like adjectives) – Can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence Types of Participles: • Present participles end in –ing • Past participles end in –d, –ed, or are irregularly formed • Examples: – The mangled pair of sunglasses, bruised face, broken arm, and bleeding knees meant Arthur had taken another spill on his mountain bike. Participial Phrases… • …contains a participle and complements or modifiers. – Switching its tail, the panther paced back and forth. • Switching is the participle, its tail is the complement – Living within his budget, he never needs to borrow. • Living is the participle, within his budget is an adverbial prepositional phrase that modifies it NOTE: participial phrases are often separated by commas! Practice with Participles: • JUST participles: – Page 542, exercise 6 • Participial phrases: – Page 545, exercise 9 – Page 546, review B Gerunds… • …look like verbs, act as nouns • Function as subjects, direct objects (after action verbs), predicate nominatives (following linking verbs), or objects of preposition (follow prepositions) • Can be replaced with “it,” “that,” or “what” and still make sense • Always end in –ing Examples of Gerunds • Running is good exercise. (subject) • Because of running, I am in good shape. (object of preposition) • I began running at the age of ten. (direct object) • My favorite sport is running. (predicate nominative) FINDING PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS 1. Find the real verb: picture the action in the sentence 2. What else looks like a verb? (These are the gerunds and participles.) 3. Does it describe a noun? Can it be removed completely without changing the meaning? (This is a participle.) 4. Is it a noun? Is it a subject, direct object, predicate nominative, or object of a preposition? Can you replace it with “it,” “this,” “that,” or “what” and still have the sentence make sense? (This is a gerund.) Practice with Gerunds • Page 548, exercise 10 • Page 549, exercise 11 • Pages 549 and 550, review C Infinitives… • …are to + a verb • Function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs • NOTE: Some infinitives do not have the word “to” so you must watch the function! • Be careful: “to” is also a preposition so look for the verbal Examples of Infinitives: – I’ll help you [to] pack. (noun – direct object) – The best way to survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures is a sharp pencil stab in your thigh if you catch yourself drifting off. (adj. mf. “way” [which one?]) – Kelvin, an aspiring comic book artist, is taking Anatomy and Physiology this semester to understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body. (adv. mf. “taking the class” [why?]) Practice with Infinitives: • Page 552, exercise 13 • Page 553, exercise 14 • Pages 553 and 554 review D Practice with ALL Verbals • Pages 555 and 556 review E