Transcript verb
Some examples from Connell’s “The Most Dangerous Game” • Some wounded thing– by evidence, a large animal– had thrashed about in the underbrush… A small glittering object not far away caught Rainsford’s eye and he picked it up. • Find this excerpt on page 3, about 2/3 down the page. Some examples from Connell’s “The Most Dangerous Game” • Some wounded thing– by evidence, a large animal– had thrashed about in the underbrush… A small glittering object not far away caught Rainsford’s eye and he picked it up. Some examples from Connell’s “The Most Dangerous Game” • Some wounded (adjective) thing– by evidence, a large animal– had thrashed (verb) about in the underbrush… A small glittering (adjective) object not far away caught Rainsford’s eye and he picked (verb) it up. Participles and Participial Phrases • A participle is a verbal used as an ADJECTIVE. • Participles modify NOUNS or PRONOUNS only. • A participle will answer the adjective questions “Which one?” and “What kind?” • Participles are either PRESENT or PAST --• Present participles end in –ing • Past participles usually end in -ed, but some past participles have irregular endings such as -en, -n, t. Even the word made can be a participle. Participial Phrases • A participial phrase is a verbal that includes its modifiers or complements -- all working together as an ADJECTIVE. • A participial phrase can be anywhere in a sentence and be combined with an adverb, a prep phrase, or a complement. • If an adverb precedes a participial phrase, include it as part of the phrase: Quickly raising his hand, Joe was called on first. Gerunds • A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing and used as a NOUN. Examples: Subject: Swimming is fun. Direct Object: I love swimming. Indirect Object: Joe’s competitive edge gave his swimming a real boost. Object of a Prep: Joe’s love for swimming is strong. Predicate Nom: Joe’s favorite sport is swimming. Appositive: Joe’s favorite sport, swimming, is easy. What are complement gerunds? • Direct Objects, Indirect Objects and Predicate Nominatives = nouns that end in –ing • Direct Objects answer whom? What? And follow action verbs • Indirect objects answer For whom? To whom? For what? To what? And follow action verbs. An indirect object comes before a direct object • Predicate nominatives follow linking verbs and rename the subject before the verb. Gerund or Participle? It’s easy! • Remember: Gerunds are nouns. Participles are adjectives. • Gerunds end in –ing. • Participles end in –ing, -ed, -en, -n, -t • Nouns are things; adjectives describe things. • Know what the verbal is doing in the sentence. • Do not confuse the verb and the verbal. Now, let’s finish the treasure hunt • We’ll complete page 3 together. You will then complete pages 4, 5, 6, and 7 with a partner. • After completing the search, update your treasure hunt sheet by adding participles and gerunds with page numbers. Gerund Phrases • A gerund phrase includes its modifiers and complements – all working together as one NOUN. • GRAMMAR ALERT! GRAMMAR ALERT! Use a possessive noun or pronoun before a gerund. It will be part of the gerund phrase. Sue’s learning grammar makes her sophisticated. The highlight of today is our learning grammar. Infinitives • Infinitives are verbals that usually begin with the word to and another verb. • Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs. • Infinitives can never be prep phrases. An infinitive is to + a verb form (to go, to see) whereas a prep phrase is to + an object (noun or pronoun): to school, to Utah, to the dance Infinitive Phrases • Like gerunds and participle phrases, an infinitive phrase can be combined with modifiers and complements – all working together as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: We left home early to get to the movie on time. My family hopes to leave for Utah tomorrow. The book to read is Fahrenheit 451. Finding and Using Infinitives • Infinitives can come anywhere in a sentence. • Infinitives act like nouns, adjectives or adverbs. • Sometimes the word to is omitted when the infinitive follows verbs such as dare, feel, hear, help, let, make, need, see and watch. Example: No one dared go without permission Identifying Infinitive Phrases • Adjective infinitives will always follow a noun or pronoun: The place to go is called Mezzo. (Which place? What kind?) • Noun infinitives can be Subjects, DOs, or PNs: To watch a child walk for the first time is exciting. I want to go to Europe every summer. My job is to watch the swimmers. • Adverb infinitives modify adjectives and other adverbs. I left early to go home. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers • Participial phrases and infinitive phrases can be used as modifiers and must be placed close to the word they modify. • Misplaced modifier: the verbal phrase must be moved next to the word it modifies. • Dangling modifier: DO NOT MOVE the verbal phrase. The sentence lacks a word to be modified. Add that word next to the verbal. Fixing Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers Example of a misplaced modifier: We saw a bear hiking along with our cameras. Hiking along with our cameras, we saw a bear. (Move the verbal and punctuate it correctly.) Example of a dangling modifier: To enter the contest, a form must be signed. To enter the contest, you must sign a form. (Do NOT move the verbal; add a missing word.)