Transcript AC2_Les25_ToneMelodies

Stress Versus Tone Assignment Answersː
Yoruba is a tone lanɡuaɡe for the followinɡ reasons:
1. There is more than one high tone in some words.
[k͡pɛ́lɛ́] ‘sorry’, [kíkìrí] ‘little’, [ābúlí] ‘village’
2.
There are all High or all Low tones in some words.
[k͡pɛ́lɛ́] ‘sorry’, [àg͡bà] ‘adult’
3.
High tone is not limited to a certain syllable in words.
[kíkìrí] ‘little’, [ābúlí] ‘village’
4.
There is contrast of tone in analogous environments.
[fɛ́] ‘to want’
5.
[f ī ] ‘to put’[fɔ̀] ‘to wash’
On the final syllable of some words said by themselves, there
is High tone.
[àk͡pá] ‘arm’, [ābúlí] ‘village’
Stress Versus Tone Review
What’s the difference between a Stress Language and a Tone
Language?
In a stress language,
pitch, length, or loudness
combine to make one syllable
per word stand out more than
others.
In a tone language,
various levels of pitch are
phonemes that show the
difference in meaning for
words.
SWAHILI
áchà
àbúdù
ùgálì
ùtífù
àlàsírì
àsùbúhì
BONGO Sudan
kɪd́ ɪ́
‘vein’
kɪd̀ ɪ̀
‘snake type’
kágá
‘tree’
kàdà
‘sun’
tàgá
‘evening’
bʊ́ɾʊ́kʊ́
‘ashes’
pɪl̀ ɛ̀gʊ̀
‘bird type’
màgʊ́bá
‘worm’
‘to leave’
‘to worship
‘porridge’
‘obedience’
‘afternoon’
‘morning’
How does phonology help literacy development?
3. Sometimes people choose to write two
words the same, even though they
pronounce them differently in tone.
Phonology helps us know when this is a
good choice and when important
meaning will be lost by this choice.
Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by
tone (3 of 3)
15. Decide if it is a stress language or tone language
16. Study the Stress System
17. Study the Tone System
Segment phoneme
Tone phoneme (Toneme)
Segment allophone
Tone allophone (Allotone)
Contrast of analogous
environments for segments
Contrasts of analogous
environments for tones
Distribution of segment
phonemes
Distribution of tone
phonemes
Neutralization of segment
phonemes
Neutralization of tone
phonemes
Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone
(3 of 3)
17. Study the Tone System
A. Decide how many tone melodies there are
B. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes
(contrastive tone heights) there are
C. Find the tone phoneme distribution
D. Predict the environment for any tone neutralization
and tone allophones
E. Find how to predict tone changes across morpheme and
word boundaries
F. Find differences in grammar made by tone
G. Find the functional load of tone
H. Decide if/how to write tone in the orthography.
MENDE (From Leben 1978ː 186)
Tone melodies
CV
[4]
kɔ ‘war’
CVCV
[4 4]
[1]
/k͡pa ‘debt’
[1 1]
/HL/ [p]
m͡bu ‘owl’
[4 1]
/LH/ [P]
m͡ba ‘rice’
[1 4]
/H/
/L/
CVCVCV
[4 4 4]
pɛlɛ ‘house’
hawama ‘waistline’
[1 1 1]
bɛlɛ ‘trousers’
n͡gɪla ‘dog’
/LHL/[Pp]
[1 p]
m͡ba ‘companion’
k͡pakali
[4 1 1]
felama
‘chair’
‘junction’
[1 4 4]
fande ‘cotton’
n͡davula
‘sling’
nikili
‘groundnut’
[1 4 1]
ɲaha ‘woman’
TONE MELODY: The tone pattern placed on a
morpheme no matter how many syllables it
has.
•
•
•
We want to find how many tone melodies there
are in a language.
Tone melodies placed on morphemes are more
important than tone placed on individual
syllables.
Speakers are aware of which melody is on which
word, but not usually aware of which tone is on
which syllable.
CHUMBURUNG Ghana
(Snider)
Tone Rule
Verbs with CV syllable structure always have phonetic Low-falling tone when
said by themselves.
/ 4/ (/H/)
wʊ
/1/ (/L/)
ŋu
[a]

[a]

Original
Phonemic


Phonemes
Allophones

Underlying 
Surface
wʊ
‘chew’
ŋu
‘see’
Sound
Phonetic
Painted 1 hour ago
Painted 1 minute ago
Are these paints the same colour?
Painted 1 day ago
Painted 1 day ago
Are these paints the same colour?
CHUMBURUNG Ghana
[ 4]
lɔ
(Snider)
‘sore, wound’
[a]
wʊ
‘chew’
Do these words have the same underlying tone phoneme?
CHUMBURUNG Ghana (Snider)
[ 4]
[a]
lɔ
‘sore, wound’
NOUN
wʊ
VERB
‘chew’
Do these words have the same underlying tone phoneme?
Yes, they doǃ
/ 4/
lɔ
•
•
(/H/)
‘sore, wound’
/ 4/ (/H/)
wʊ
‘chew’
All verbs with CV structure like wʊ have phonetic Low-falling tone.
So, both lɔ ‘sore’ and wʊ ‘chew’ have underlying High tone phonemes.
So, only compare nouns with nouns, or verbs with verbsǃ
GAAHMG Sudan
[2]
pal
‘cutting’
d̪əm
[2]
‘Arab’
Do these words have the same underlying tone phoneme?
GAAHMG Sudan
[2]
[2]
pal
‘cutting’
d̪əm ‘Arab’
VERBAL NOUN NOUN
Do these words have the same underlying tone phoneme?
No, they don’tǃ
/ 4/
pal
(/H/)
‘cutting’
d̪əm
/ 3/
‘Arab’
(/M/)
After studying Gaahmg, we would find that
•
All verbal nouns like pal ‘cutting’ with underlying High tone phonemes have phonetic Mid
tone.
So, only compare nouns with nouns, or verbs with verbsǃ
Important Factors for Segment Contrast in Analogous Environments
GAAHMG Sudan
1. Same part of speech
‘ruler’
2.
t-s
tɛ́ɛ̀l
‘anchor’ sɛ́ɛ̀n
Same adjacent sounds
mɛ̀ðān ‘youth leader’
3.
d̪ - ð
cɛ̄d̪áŋ ‘illness type’
Same type of adjacent segments
ɟááð
‘old clothing’
‘cricket’
4.
d-ð
dɔ᷄d
‘stork’
əə - ii
gə̀ə̀l
‘shield’ ɟííl
Same syllable structure
p-w
páásɛ̀ɛ̀ ‘basket type’
wáásā ā ‘stone type’
Steps to find Tone Melody Contrasts in Analogous Environments
1. Organize the data into parts of speech
CHUMBURUNG lɔ ‘sore’ NOUN
wʊ ‘chew’ VERB
2. Separate all borrowed words
LAARIM mɔɔlɛt̪ ‘calf’ ORIGINAL pad̪ir ‘priest’ BORROWED
3. Separate all compounds
hair ROOT
hairbrush COMPOUND
4. Separate all words that have affixes, or organize words
according to the noun or verb class
hair
ROOT
hair-less AFFIX
CHUMBURUNG
kɪ-laŋ ‘hip’
o-wure ‘chief’
5. Organize words according to syllable structures
GAAHMG kúsə́ ‘grass type’ CVCV tá̪ làm ‘malnutrition’ CVCVC
6. Organize words according to consonant types
(only important in languages where consonants affect tone)
CHUMBURUNG kɪ-laŋ ‘hip’ NASAL kɪ-jaʔ ‘leg’ GLOTTAL
After separating and organizing words into analogous groups, we
begin tone analysis with which group?
The simplest group with the most number of words.
Specifically, we want the . . .
1. Part of speech that has the simplest structure.
2. Class of nouns (or verbs) with the most words.
3. Words that have the fewest morphemes (roots if possible).
4. Syllable structure with the most possible places for tone to be placed (tone
bearing units).
Begin tone analysis with the simplest group with the most number
of words.
Specifically, we want the . . .
1. Part of speech that has the simplest structure.
CHUMBURUNG
Nouns have a prefix to show the noun class.
Verbs have a prefix to show the subject and a prefix to show the aspect (perfective, imperfective, etc).
Nouns have a simpler structure and fewer morphemes to be confused. So, we
begin with nouns instead of verbs.
Begin tone analysis with the simplest group with the most number of
words.
Specifically, we want the . . .
2. Class of nouns (or verbs) with the most words.
3. Words that have the fewest morphemes (roots if possible).
Noun class prefix
ki-/kɪ-/ku-/kʊo-/ɔ(No prefix)
Example
ki-t͡ʃini ‘vein’
o-wure ‘chief’
wad͡ʒa ‘cloth’
number of nouns
32 out of 52
9 out of 52
11 out of 52
The prefix ki-/kɪ-/ku-/kʊ- is the most common. Nouns without a prefix might have the fewest
morphemes (but they could have a tone prefix—we don’t know until we analyze them).
The noun class with the most words is more important than the noun class with the fewest
morphemes. So, we begin with the noun class with prefix ki-/kɪ-/ku-/kʊ-.
Begin tone analysis with the simplest group with the most number
of words.
Specifically, we want the . . .
4. Syllable structure with the most possible places for tone to be placed (tone
bearing units).
Syllable Structure Example
kV-CVCV
kɪ-sɪbɔ
kV-CVŋ
kɪ-laŋ
kV-CVʔ
kɪ-jaʔ
kV-CV
ki-d͡ʒi
number of nouns
‘ear’
12 out of 28
‘hip’
6 out of 28
‘leg’
6 out of 28
‘offspring’ 4 out of 28
The structure kV-CVCV has the most places for tone. We begin with the structure kV-CVCV.
Our second choice is the structure kV-CVŋ.
We find the following in CHUMBURUNG Ghana (Snider)
kV-CVCV has 3 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves
[2 3 3]
[2 2 3]
[4 4 p]
kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’
kʊ–t͡ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’
kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’
kɪ–bak͡pa ‘shoulder’ kɪ–d͡ʒafʊ ‘fish scale’ ki–t͡ʃini ‘vein’
kɪ–ɲarɪ ‘name’
ku–kuti ‘orange’
kɪ–fʊrɪ ‘rock’
ki–feri ‘month’
kɪ–parɪ ‘pool’
kɪ–pɪnɪ ‘mortar’
kV-CVŋ has 4 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves
[2 3]
[2 i]
[4 p]
[2 a]
ku–suŋ ‘work (n)’ kɪ–baŋ ‘paddle’ kɪ–laŋ ‘hip’
kɪ–paŋ ‘cutlass’
kɪ–laŋ ‘jug’
kɪ–t͡ʃaŋ ‘room’ kɪ–d͡ʒaŋ ‘hut’
We then check all the other analogous groups, looking for more than 4 tone melodies.
Do the following words have different underlying tone melodies
(different tone phonemes)?
[ 2 2 3]
[2 3 3]
[4 4 p]
kʊ–t͡ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’
kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’
kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’
Do the following words have different underlying tone melodies
(different tone phonemes)?
[ 2 2 3]
[2 3 3]
[4 4 p]
kʊ–t͡ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’
kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’
kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’
Yes, they do!
•
The words have analogous environments.
•
All the different factors that can affect tone are taken out.
•
The differences in the above three words cannot cause the difference in their
tone melodies.
•
So, the differences in surface tone melodies must be because of the different
patterns of underlying tone phonemes.
Class Assignmentː
1. For the Yoruba cards, take out compounds and words with affixes. Organize
the remainder according to parts of speech and syllable structure.
2. Then, use the two best syllable structures from nouns and the two best syllable
structures from verbs to find contrastive tone melodies.
3.
List the different tone melodies for each group. Remember that á is H(igh) tone,
à is L(ow) tone, and ā is M(id) tone.
Reading Assignment
Tone Analysis for Field Linguists (2.2) pg. 11-29