Transcript Expanding the sentence

Expanding the sentence
Information in this lesson was drawn from Azar, Understanding and
Using English Grammar, 3rd edition, New York: Longman 2002, and
Deakins, Alice, et al, The Tapestry Grammar, Boston: Heinle &
Heinle, 1994.
Think about it
What are the four types of sentences?
 What are the characteristics of each
type?
 Jot down your ideas in your notebook.

Basic sentence structure
A subject, stated only once
 A complete verb phrase
 An independent clause

Compound sentences

Two independent clauses


I.C. + , + FANBOYS word + I.C.
I.C. + ; + transition word + , + I.C.
Complex sentences

A dependent clause + an independent
clause

The dependent clause can be a
Noun clause
 Adverb clause
 Relative clause

Compound-Complex
sentences

Contain a minimum of two independent
clauses and one dependent clause.
Expanding the
independent clause

You can add information to the
beginning or end of an independent
clause. Words or groups of words that
add information to the entire subject or
predicate are called sentence
adverbials.
Deakins, Alice, et al, The Tapestry Grammar, Boston: Heinle & Heinle,
1994, p. 43
Types of sentence adverbials 1

Single words


Noun phrases


Today, more people than ever own cars.
This time, I tried harder and succeeded.
Prepositional phrases

In the United States, it’s polite to shake
hands when you meet someone.
Types of sentence adverbials 2

Verbal Phrases (a word or phrase that
begins with a verb form that does not
show tense)


To reduce our expenses, we are cutting
down on restaurant meals.
Dependent clauses

After you finish the project, you’ll take a
break.
Deakins, Alice, et al, The Tapestry Grammar, Boston: Heinle & Heinle, 1994, pp. 4445
Placement of adverbials

Adverbials at the end of the sentence
give information about where, when,
how, how often, and why something
happens.

She ate her lunch at her desk in a hurry so
that she wouldn’t interrupt her train of
thought.
Think about it

Do you know the correct order for endsentence adverbials?
Order of end-sentence adverbials
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Direction (from where/to where)
Position (where? at what place?)
Manner (how?)
Time (when?)
Frequency (how often?)
Purpose (for what purpose?)
Reason (why?)
Adverbial placement notes 1

Position and manner may be reversed.


She ate lunch in a hurry at her desk.
She ate lunch at her desk in a hurry.
Adverbial placement notes 2

If both direction and position are
present, position must come
immediately after direction and manner
follows position
(direction/position/manner)


I ran to the bus stop at the corner quickly.
X I ran to the bus stop quickly at the
corner.

Note that in this example, quickly could
precede the verb: I quickly ran to the bus stop
at the corner.
Adverbial placement notes 3

Time and frequency may be reversed.


Rob goes swimming at 8:00 every
morning.
Rob goes swimming every morning at
8:00.
Adverbial placement notes 4



Shorter adverbials tend to come before longer
ones.
An adverbial can occur first for emphasis.
If there are two adverbials in the same
category, the more specific adverbial
precedes the more general one.

He was born at 3:17 pm on March 27, 1978.
Model sentences

Write three model sentences. Each
sentence should use three adverbials.
Underline the adverbials and note what
type they are. Check that you have
used the correct order.
Adverbials at the beginning of
the sentence

Adverbials at the beginning of the
sentence also give information about
time, place, manner, frequency,
purpose, or reason. Adverbials of
direction are not usually placed at the
beginning of a sentence. Usually only
one adverbial comes at the beginning.
Punctuation of adverbials at
the beginning of a sentence

Use a comma after an adverbial at the
beginning of the sentence if it is three words
or longer or if it is an adverb clause.


Whenever I hear that song, I think of him.
A comma is optional after an adverbial at the
beginning of the sentence if it is one or two
words long.

Today I’m going to get a lot of work done.
Model sentences

Rewrite your three models sentences so
that one of the adverbials comes at the
front of the sentence. Punctuate
appropriately.
Forming and using verbals

You can expand the independent clause with
a verbal phrase at the beginning, in the
middle, or at the end of a sentence.




Believing that Juliet was dead, Romeo took his
own life.
Romeo took his own life, believing that Juliet was
dead.
Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, took his
own life.
Verbals that modify the whole sentence are
one type of adverbial, as we saw before.
Understanding the meaning
of verbals
Verbals are often reduced adverb or
relative clauses.
 They contain a verbal with –ing or –ed
form.
 Verbals with –ing come from active
verbs.
 Verbals with –ed come from passive
verbs.

When can adverb clauses be
reduced?
Adverb clauses can only be reduced if
the subject of the adverb clause is the
same as the subject of the independent
clause.
 Adverb clauses beginning with when,
while, before, after, since, and because
can be reduced.

Reducing adverb clauses with
after, before, and since

Adverb clauses of time beginning with
after, before, and since can be reduced.
Keep the subordinator. Change the main
verb to –ing form.
Since she began her studies, Angela has had
little time for herself.
 Since beginning her studies, Angela has had
little time for herself.

Reducing adverb clauses with
while

Adverb clauses of time with while can be
reduced. These phrases give the idea that
the events in the verbal phrase are happening
at the same time as the events in the main
clause. While can be retained or omitted.



While Harry was watching the movie, he fell
asleep.
While watching the movie, Harry fell asleep.
Watching the movie, Harry fell asleep.
Reducing adverb clauses with
because and since 1

Adverb clauses of cause and effect using
because or since can be reduced. Omit the
subordinator and the subject. Change the
verb to –ing form.


Because he realized the importance of first
impressions, Kevin got a haircut before his job
interview.
Realizing the importance of first impressions,
Kevin got a haircut before his job interview.
Reducing adverb clauses with
because and since 2

If a form of be is present (as in passive voice,
progressive tenses, or be + adjective), change it to
being or omit it.




These examples show be + adjective.
Because she was unable to complete her tax forms on time,
Keisha asked for an extension.
Being unable to complete her tax forms on time, Keisha
asked for an extension.
Unable to complete her tax forms on time, Keisha asked for
an extension.

When be is omitted, the reduced clause cannot go at the end of
the sentence.
Reducing adverb clauses with
because and since 3



These examples show passive voice, be + past participle.
Because it is known as “The Sunshine State,”
Florida draws many winter visitors.
Being known as “The Sunshine State,” Florida
draws many winter visitors.


This structure is considered awkward.
Known as “The Sunshine State,” Florida draws
many winter visitors.

When be is omitted, the reduced clause cannot go at the
end of the sentence.
Reducing adverb clauses with
because and since 4

To show the idea that one thing happened before
another, use having + past participle whether the
original clause uses present perfect or past perfect.




Since I have never tasted Burmese food, I am really excited
about going to the new Burmese restaurant.
Never having tasted Burmese food, I am really excited about
going to the new Burmese restaurant.
Because we had just bought a new car, we didn’t respond to
our neighbor’s offer.
Having just bought a new car, we didn’t respond to our
neighbor’s offer.
Reducing adverb clauses with
when

Adverb clauses with when can be reduced.
Omit when and change the verb to –ing form.
Introduce the phrase with upon or on.



When I received my first paycheck, I treated
myself to some new clothes.
Upon receiving my first paycheck, I treated myself
to some new clothes.
On receiving my first paycheck, I treated myself to
some new clothes.
Punctuating reduced
adverb clauses

The patterns for adverb clauses are:

DC, IC.

IC DC.




exceptions: whereas, while (showing contrast), in which case
the pattern is IC, DC.
Use a comma after a reduced adverb clause comes at
the beginning of a sentence.
Use a comma before and after a reduced adverb
clause in the middle of the sentence.
Use a comma before a reduced adverb clause at the
end of the sentence unless it begins with upon or on.
Try it yourself

Reduce these adverb clauses, if possible:




Because she has already seen the movie, Heidi
would rather stay home tonight.
Linda was stung by a wasp while she was
gardening.
When he graduated from college, he began to
work for IBM.
After Bob turned in his paper, the professor graded
it.
Model sentences

Write model sentences in your notebook to
illustrate each of the following structures:



reduced adverb clause with after, before, or since
reduced adverb clause with while
reduced adverb clause with because or since



-ing form, being, having + pp
reduced adverb clause with when
Next, rewrite the sentences to move the
reduced clause to the middle or end of the
sentence when possible.
When can relative clauses be
reduced?
Relative clauses can also be reduced.
Use commas if the full clause requires
them.
 Reduced relative clauses should
immediately follow the noun they
modify.

Reduced relative clauses

If the relative clause contains a form of be,
omit the relative pronoun and be.




The woman who is standing over there is Ms.
Yang.
The woman standing over there is Ms. Yang.
The materials which were used in the project were
inexpensive.
The materials used in the project were
inexpensive.
Reduced relative clauses 2

If be is the main verb of the clause, the
reduced clause is called an appositive.


Fittingly, Thomas Jefferson, who was the
author of the Declaration of Independence,
died on the Fourth of July.
Fittingly, Thomas Jefferson, the author of
the Declaration of Independence, died on
the Fourth of July.
Reduced relative clauses 3

If the relative clause does not contain a form
of be, omit the relative pronoun and change
the verb to –ing.




Applicants who need a credit check are advised to
allow sufficient time for the process.
Applicants needing a credit check are advised to
allow sufficient time for the process.
Jalilla, who has never had chicken pox, should get
the vaccine as soon as possible.
Jalilla, never having had chicken pox, should get
the vaccine as soon as possible.
Try it yourself!

Reduce these relative clauses.




The people who are waiting for the bus in
the rain are getting wet.
Mr. Gardiner is from a town that is located
in southern Maryland.
Riversdale, which was built in the 18th
century, has had many famous occupants.
Anyone who exhibits flu-like symptoms
should consult a physician promptly.
Model sentences

Write model sentences in your
notebook that illustrate reduced relative
clauses:



a clause containing a progressive verb
a clause containing a passive verb
a clause containing a simple tense verb
Summary 1


Adverbials modify the whole sentence.
Adverbials can take different forms








Single words
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Verbal phrases
Dependent clauses
Adverbials can occur at the beginning or end
of a sentence.
The order of adverbials is important.
Use a comma to separate an initial adverbial
from the rest of the sentence if it is long.
Summary 2



Adverb and relative clauses may be reduced
to verbal phrases.
Adverb clauses can only be reduced if the
subject of the adverb clause is the same as
the subject of the independent clause.
Reduced adverb clauses are a type of
adverbial. They modify the whole sentence.
They can come at the beginning, in the
middle, or at the end of a sentence. Use
commas.
Summary 3
Reduced relative clauses modify a noun.
 They should immediately follow the
noun they modify.
 If commas are used to separate the
clause from the rest of the sentence,
commas should also be used with the
verbal phrase.
