Transcript adjective - Angelfire

1. pronouns
2. describers / classifiers
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personal
central
reflexive
possessive
indefinite
relative
non-central
interrogative
demonstrative
2
personal pronouns
speaker only
speaker
speech roles
speaker plus
addressee
male
human
singular
other role
female
non-human
plural
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personal pronouns
(subject/object)
speaker only I me
speaker
speech roles
speaker plus we us
addressee you you
male he him
human
singular
other role
female she her
non-human it it
plural they them
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personal pronouns
(subject/object)
e.g.
I asked him to give me a hand
They told them to hurry
Did she tell you that you could come?
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possessive pronouns
(as determiner/head)
speaker only my mine
speaker
speech roles
speaker plus our ours
addressee your yours
male his his*
human
singular
other role
female her hers
non-human its [its]*
plural their theirs
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possessive pronouns
(as determiner/head)
This is my book; that one is yours
His car is blue; the black one is not his
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reflexive pronouns
speaker only myself
speaker
speech roles
speaker plus ourselves
addressee yourself
male himself
human
singular
other role
female herself
non-human itself
plural themselves
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pronoun usage
Today in maths class, our teacher read
the story of the hungry caterpillar.
Then she gave us a problem to solve:
we had to find out how many items of
food the hungry caterpillar ate
before he built a cocoon around
himself. We could work it out using
any method and materials we wanted.
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interrogative pronouns
personal who; whom; whose
(referring to people)
non-personal what; of which
(referring to objects/animals)
neutral which
key:
Subject usage;
Object usage;
possessive usage
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indefinite pronouns
personal everyone; someone; no-one
everybody; somebody; nobody
non-personal everything; something; nothing
neutral* each; all; both; none; neither
(*neutral = may be used with either persons or objects)
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indefinite pronouns
The indefinite pronouns usually take a singular
verb, e.g. The room was crowded and everyone
was listening to the speeches.
An interesting linguistic innovation:
These days it is common usage to refer to an
indefinite pronoun using a plural pronoun. This is
because the indefinite pronouns are genderneutral like the plural 3rd person pronouns. So the
following is quite acceptable:
Someone’s coming. Let’s hide from them.
Does anyone want to bring their bags over here
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relative pronouns
personal who; whom/who/that;
non-personal which; of which
neutral* that; whose
key:
Subject usage;
Object usage;
possessive usage
(*neutral = may be used with either persons or objects)
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relative pronouns
some examples
The book that I was reading is on the table.
There is the man whom we met last night.
There is the man who we met last night.
There is the man that we met last night.
(formal)
I saw a child whose beauty amazed me.
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demonstrative pronouns
(singular/plural)
The appropriate usage depends on proximity,
i.e. the distance between the speaker and the
person/object/wording referred to.
near this these
far
that those
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words which describe and classify a noun
Today in maths class, our new teacher read
the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she
gave us a small problem to solve: we had to
find out how many items of food the hungry
caterpillar ate before he built a little cocoon
around himself. We could work it out using
any simple method and any old materials we
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wanted.
Adjectives can :
1. describe a noun,
e.g.
an
class label
function label
determiner
Pointer
ugly
painting;
adjective
noun
Describer
Head
premodifers
the
happy
children
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Adjectives can :
2. classify a noun,
e.g.
our
class label
function label
new
teacher
possessive
adjective
noun
Pointer
Classifier
Head
premodifers
the
orphan
children
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words which describe and classify a noun
Today in maths class, our new teacher read
the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she
gave us a small problem to solve: we had to
find out how many items of food the hungry
caterpillar ate before he built a little cocoon
around himself. We could work it out using
any simple method and any old materials we
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wanted.
2. Adjectives can occur by themselves
after certain verbs (be; become; seem;
feel; look)
e.g.
the painting is ugly.
I thought the painting ugly.
the children look happy.
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describing adjectives can be
intensified; classifying
adjectives cannot
describing classifying
the
the
the
the
very
very
very
very
the
very
happy
ugly
French
caesar
children
painting
pastry
salad
electric
train
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describing adjectives can be
compared; classifying
adjectives cannot
describing
the
the
the
the
the
classifying
happiest
ugliest
Frenchest
caesarest
children
painting
pastry
salad
electricest
train
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premodifier
subjective attitude ^ objective properties ^ classifiers ^ Noun
small attractive well-worn
size - general description - age
twisted black ebony
shape - colour - material
African walking stick
origin - purpose
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an adjective usually premodifies the noun
but it may occur,
• as postmodifier, e.g. time immemorial
• as object complement in a clause, e.g. the
door slammed shut.
• alone in an exclamative, e.g. Fantastic!
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an adjective can occur as head in an elliptical noun
phrase, i.e. when the noun functioning as head is
left out, e.g.
the
the
the
determiner
poor
hungry
aged
(= poor
(= hungry
(= aged
people)
head
(describer
head)
adjective
noun
article adjective
people)
people)
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a matured person
a mature person:
a tensed body
a person who is mature
a tense body:
a body that is tense
A close shop
a closed shop:
A manicure garden
a manicured
garden:
a shop that the owner has closed
a garden that the gardener has
manicured
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key:
adjective
verb
insert these adjectives – thick, library, English –
and order them correctly:
A
B
A
B
A
I borrowed a …..book called “How to Hug”
yesterday.
Are you enjoying it>
No. It was disappointing. I took it back this
morning.
What was wrong with it?
It was volume 7 of the Encyclopedia Britannica
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comparisons
A woodpecker was talking to a chicken one day.
“Woodpeckers are very clever birds,” it said.
“Nonsense,” said the chicken. “What’s clever about
banging your head against a tree all day?”
Chickens are much …….. than woodpeckers.”
“Really?” replied the woodpecker.
“Have you ever heard of Kentucky Fried
Woodpecker?”
intelligent
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2a: pronouns in An Historic Speech
That I should have chosen as the title of this
address `Are there enough Malaysians to save
Malaysia’ is, in itself, an admission of the fact that
we are, as surgeons will put it, very near the bone.
First, what is Malaysia; next, who wants
Malaysia; next, who is prepared to fight and die for
Malaysia?
I would like to start this discussion this evening
before Malaysia was formed so that we can get
quite clear in our minds who wanted Malaysia and
why, because why they wanted Malaysia will decide
whether they are prepared to fight for it, and if
necessary, die for it.
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Key: personal; reflexive; possessive; demonstrative; interrogative;
2b: identifying the adjectives
The truth is: you haven’t seen Singapore if you
haven’t been to Sentosa. With fabulous sun, sand
and sea, manicured gardens, rustic ambience, lush
natural greenery, historical enclaves, the
enchanting Musical Fountain, and a kaleidoscope
of exciting attractions – you can have the time of
your life. And if you really want to have it all,
besides our normal admission rates, try the
Sentosa Passport which offers a special two-day
discount package to enjoy nine wonderful
attractions at only $44.90 (adult) and ($35.00
(child). What’s more: just bring along this
brochure and save $9 per adult and $8 per child
on each Sentosa Passport. Enquire at any hotel
concierge for ticketing information.
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2b: identifying the adjectives
The truth is: you haven’t seen Singapore if you
haven’t been to Sentosa. With fabulous sun, sand
and sea, manicured gardens, rustic ambience, lush
natural greenery, historical enclaves, the
enchanting Musical Fountain, and a kaleidoscope
of exciting attractions – you can have the time of
your life. And if you really want to have it all,
besides our normal admission rates, try the
Sentosa Passport which offers a special two-day
discount package to enjoy nine wonderful
attractions at only $44.90 (adult) and ($35.00
(child). What’s more: just bring along this
brochure and save $9 per adult and $8 per child
on each Sentosa Passport. Enquire at any hotel
concierge for ticketing information.
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2b: omitting adjectives
With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience,
greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a
kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have
the time of your life.
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