Transcript GrammarNotes

GRADE 7 GRAMMAR
NOUNS
A noun is a person, place or thing!
(man)
(river)
(telephone)
Common and Proper Nouns
• A common noun does not name any particular person, place,
or thing (e.g., headphones).
• Proper nouns are the name of a particular person, place, or
thing. For example:
John Smith
Venice
Sony telephone
PRONOUNS
• Pronouns are words that replace noun phrases. Like
nouns, pronouns have singular and plural forms. A
singular pronoun replaces a singular noun. A plural
pronoun replaces a plural or compound nouns.
• Singular pronouns: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it.
• Plural pronouns: We, us, you, they, them.
Possessive and Reflexive Pronouns
• Pronouns that show ownership are possessive
nouns. There are two kinds:
– Used before nouns: my, your, his, hers, ours, theirs.
– Used alone: mine, yours, his, hers, ours theirs.
Ex: The explorer led his team to its destination. Is that tent his?
• Reflexive pronouns usually refer to the subject of
the sentence.
– Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
Ex: I found myself getting stronger each day.
Regular & Irregular Verbs
• Action verb: tells what action the subject performs.
Sometimes this takes place in someone’s mind.
– Ex: play, run, jump, swim, think, memorize etc…
• Linking verb: links or joins the subject with a word or group of
words in the predicate.
– Ex: be, am, is, are, was, were, will be, feel, seem, become.
• Irregular verbs: do not add –ed to form the past tense or the
past participle.
– Ex: begin, break, choose, come, do, find, give, go , see, speak, take,
tell, throw, write.
Adjectives
• Adjectives modify, or tell more about, nouns or
pronouns.
• Adjectives tell us what kind, which one, how many, or
how much.
• Adjectives that come before a noun are called
demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those).
These two tulips are red and orange.
These- tell us which ones.
Two- tells us how many.
Red & Orange- tells us what kind.
Predicate & Proper adjectives
• Predicate adjectives – follow linking verbs and
modify a noun or pronoun in the subject.
– Ex:
December is freezing cold!
The beach is beautiful!
• Proper adjectives – an adjective formed from
a proper noun is called a proper adjective.
– Ex: Mexican village; North American people
Adverbs
• Adverbs – tell us how, where, or when something happens.
– Ex: The hockey season starts soon (when).
– Later, I will take the class outside (where) for ice cream.
• Comparative form – compares two actions, add the ending –er or use the
word more.
– Ex: Professional artists draw better than the majority of people.
– She teaches more quickly as the students learn faster.
• Superlative form – compares three or more actions, add the ending –est
or use the word most.
– Ex: Jill runs the fastest on the track team.
– The vanilla ice cream has the most flavour.
• Most adverbs that end in –ly use more and most to make the comparative
and superlative forms.
– Ex: Recently  more recently (comp.) most recently (super.)
Commas, Semi-colons, Colons, Hyphens…
Commas – used to set a word or group of words apart from other words.
We use commas:
– After a greeting & closing. Ex:
• Dear Tom, / Sincerely,
– In dates after the day or month. Ex:
• Tuesday, August 5 / June 25, 2011
– Between a city & country. Ex:
• Calgary, Alberta / Calgary, Canada
– In a series of three or more words. Ex:
• My school offers art, music, and dance classes.
– In direct address (addressing someone’s name or title). Ex:
• Katie, do you understand how to use a comma?
• Yes, Mr. Kassem, I completely understand!
Semicolons (;)
are used to join two closely related short sentences. Ex:
– The Taj Mahal is a memorial; an emperor built it for his
beloved wife.
Colon (:)
– Used to separate hour from minutes (11:11).
– Used in a greeting (Dear John:)
– Used to introduce a list (Please buy the following:
bread, milk and eggs).
– Speaker in a play (Kyle: Once upon a time).
Hyphen (-)
– Join words that are thought as one (well-cooked meal)
– To write numbers ( twenty-one, twenty-two).
Capitalization
 The first letter of every sentence.
 The pronoun “I.”
 Proper nouns, proper adjectives and important
words in titles. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 Personal titles of people. Mr. Kassem
 In letters, capitalize the first word of a greeting: Dear
Sue
 In letters, capitalize the first word of the closing: Your
friends
Direct Quotations
Direct quotations – Are made up of the exact
words a speaker says, enclose it in quotation
marks (“…”) and capitalize the first word.
Begin a new paragraph each time the speaker
changes.
Grammar, Spelling and Sentence Mechanics
when writing your stories…
• REMEMBER! Start your sentences with a capital,
and finish with a period.
• Be very careful with homonyms:
– There – To address a place.
– Their – It belongs to them.
– They’re – They + are.
• Examples: To, too, two; your, you’re; aloud, allowed;
piece, peace; its, it’s; rain, reign, rein; accept, except;
sight, site, cite; dying, dyeing; past, passed; weather,
whether, whose, who’s, soul, sole, Seoul.
• Be VERY careful with spelling.
– A LOT or A LOT?
– AT LEAST or ATLEAST?
– WRITING and WRITTEN
• Do NOT use contractions (unless in dialogue).
– Don’t = do not
– Can’t = can not
– Won’t = will not
– Couldn’t = could not
– AND… There is no such word as “Ain’t!”
• Do NOT use abbreviations or symbols (unless in
dialogue, but MUST be introduced).
–
–
–
–
CSI = Crime Scene Investigation
NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
GTL = gym, tan, laundry.
Sarah & Jane were @ the mall.
• Do NOT use “text talk”.
- LOL, OMG!!, WUT, U, CUZ, SUP?, YA!, YEA, ROFL,
WHAAAAAA, JK!!…
• Do NOT use slang words:
- Wikid, gangsta, da hood, wassap, hotty…
• Do NOT overemphasize punctuation or phrases:
- “So Sarah was LIKE soooooooo happy that she was going to
the party!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! She
went to the mall and like shopped and shopped and shopped
and shopped!!!!!!! Can you believe she got an
invite????????????????????????????????????? LIKE
sooooooo JEALOUS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!”
• DO NOT USE THE WORD LIKE! (“Like, totally, don’t do it…”)
•
Numbers between 0-99 MUST be spelled out.
– 99 = ninety-nine.
– 75 = seventy-five.
– 155 = 155.