Transcript using phrases

A phrase is a group of words that does not
have a subject or a predicate.
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About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Among
Around
As
At
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
but
by
despite
down
during
except
for
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
onto
out
outside
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
According to
 Aside from
 Because of
 By means of
 In addition to
 In front of
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in place of
in spite of
instead of
on account of
out of
prior to
A
prepositional phrase
consists of a preposition,
its object, and any
modifiers of the object.
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Beside a roaring river, Thomas tripped
and fell.
His ankle started to swell in the
afternoon.
The shoe on his left foot no longer fits.
The group traveled by boat to the clinic.
A nurse at the clinic put a bandage
around Thomas’s ankle.
From time to time during the day,
Thomas complained.
 An
adjective prepositional phrase
is a prepositional phrase that
describes a noun or a pronoun.
 It
answers the questions
one or what kind.
which
Did you read the letter on the table?
 The horse in the first stall is
Morgan.
 Millions of acres are still unused
today.
 Put away the bag of groceries on the
counter.
 The plane on the left is mine.
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 An
adverb prepositional phrase is
a prepositional phrase that
describes a verb, adjective, or
another adverb.
how,
when, where, to what
extent.
 An
adverb phrase tells
I
left my sneakers in my
locker.
 The rehearsal lasted until ten
o’clock.
 I planted the shrubs according
to his instructions.
 For
three days all the flags
were at half mast.
 Over the weekend I put my
records into the cabinet.
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An appositive is a noun or pronoun
that identifies or renames another
noun or pronoun.
 Passengers
in a hot-air balloon
ride in the gondola, a small
basket beneath the balloon.
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An essential or restrictive appositive is
needed to make the meaning of the
sentence complete.
 The
British tycoon Richard
Branson has made several
attempts to circle the world
nonstop in a balloon.
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A nonessential or nonrestrictive
appositive adds extra information to a
sentence. It is not needed to make the
meaning of the sentence clear.
 Steve
Fossett, an American
financier, is another dedicated
competitor in around-the-world
ballooning.
A
verbal is a verb form that acts
as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb.
 There are three types of verbals:
◦ participles
◦ gerunds
◦ infinitives
A
participle is a verb form that
functions as an adjective.
 There are two kinds of participles:
present participles and past
participles.
 Present participles end in –ing.
 Past participles usually end in –d
or -ed. Others are irregularly
formed.
 Examples:
◦The falling prices were good
news for prospective buyers.
◦The improved designs made
the automobiles cheaper and
more reliable.
 Helping
verbs can be added to
past participles:
◦ Having improved
◦ Being improved
◦ Having been improved
A
participial phrase consists of
a participle plus its modifiers
and complements.
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Examples:
◦ Launching the first moving assembly
line, Henry Ford revolutionized the
automobile industry.
◦ Driving their own automobiles,
middle-class Americans enjoyed a
spirit of freedom and prosperity.
 Visiting
gardens, the butterflies
flit among the flowers.
 Pollinating at the same time, the
butterflies help the flowers.
 Picking up pollen dust on their
feet, they move from flower to
flower.
 The
trip to Venus was cancelled.
 Another passenger filled the
cancelled appointment.
A
gerund is a verb form that ends
in –ing and as a noun.
 A gerund can be used as a
subject, an object of a
preposition, a direct object, an
indirect object, or a predicate
nominative (noun).
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Examples:
◦ Skiing is a winter sport.
◦ Thank you for listening.
◦ Jerry likes fishing as a pastime.
◦ He wanted to give flying a chance.
◦ His mistake was thinking he needed
to cheat.
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A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus its
modifiers and complements.
Because a gerund is formed from a verb, it
may have an object. If it does, the object and
any modifiers of the object are part of the
gerund phrases.
 Examples:
◦ Tim Berners-Lee is known for
inventing the World Wide Web.
◦ Flying an airplane while tired can
be dangerous.
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Note: Both gerunds and present participles
end in –ing, but they function as different
parts of speech.
Present participles function as adjectives,
while gerunds function as nouns.
 Examples:
◦ What does a blinking cursor
mean?
◦ Blinking can be a sign of eye
strain.
 An
infinitive is a verb form that
usually begins with the word to
and functions as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
 Example:
◦ Eileen Collins had a goal to
pursue.
 An
infinitive phrase consists of an
infinitive plus its modifiers and
complements.
 Her
lifelong dream was to fly
in space.
 The first American woman to
fly in space was Dr. Sally Ride.
 She endured rigorous training
to fly in space.
A
modifier placed between the
word to and the verb of an
infinitive is said to “split” the
infinitive.
 Astronauts
need to rigorously
train for space missions.
 Astronauts need to train
rigorously for space missions.
A
misplaced modifier is a word or
phrase that is placed so far away
from the word it describes that
the meaning of the sentence is
unclear or incorrect.
 The
school district is issuing new
desks to students made of
molded plastic.
 The school district is issuing new
desks made of molded plastic to
students.
A dangling modifier is a word or
phrase that does not clearly describe
any noun or pronoun in a sentence.
 To correct a dangling modifier, you
will need to supply the word being
described.
 You may need to do some
rearranging.
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 Looking
around, objects made of
plastic fill our home, our offices,
and our schools.
 Looking around, we realized that
objects made of plastic fill our
homes, our offices, and our
schools.