Transcript Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses

•CLAUSE
• A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb.
• An independent (or main) clause expresses a
complete thought and can stand by itself in a
sentence.
• A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not
express a complete thought and cannot stand
alone.
Adjective, Adverb, and Noun
Clauses
Identifying
Writing
Combining
Adverb Clauses Pretest
1. Adverb Clauses modify _______, _______, and
________.
Adverb Clauses Pretest
1. Adverb Clauses modify _______,
_______, and ________.
2. Adverb Clauses are introduced by
_________ ________.
Adverb Clauses Pretest
1. Adverb Clauses modify _______,
_______, and ________.
2. Adverb Clauses are introduced by
_________ ________.
3. T/F : The words and and but are two
examples of these signal words.
Adverb Clauses Pretest
1. Adverb Clauses modify _______,
_______, and ________.
2. Adverb Clauses are introduced by
_________ ________.
3. T/F : The words and and but are two
examples of these signal words.
4. A comma always follows an Adverb
Clause when it is placed at the ________
of the sentence.
Adverb Clauses Pretest
1. Adverb Clauses modify _verbs_, _adjectives___,
and _other adverbs___.
Adverb Clauses Pretest
2. Adverb Clauses are introduced by
__subordinating__ _conjunctions_.
Adverb Clauses Pretest
3. T/F : The words and and but are two
examples of these signal words.
F
Adverb Clauses Pretest
4. A comma always follows an Adverb
Clause when it is placed at the
__beginning__ of the sentence.
• How did you do?
• Let’s learn more about
adverb clauses.
Create a T-chart on both sides of your
paper. Label the front chart as follows:
Independent (Main)
Dependent (Subordinate)
Label the chart on back as follows:
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause
Comparing Clauses
• Independent (Main)
– Has a subject
• Dependent (Subordinate)
– Has a subject
Comparing Clauses
• Independent (Main)
– Has a subject
– Has a verb
• Dependent (Subordinate)
– Has a subject
– Has a verb
Comparing Clauses
• Independent (Main) •
– Has a subject
– Has a verb
– Expresses a complete
thought
Dependent (Subordinate)
– Has a subject
– Has a verb
– Begins with a relative
pronoun or subordinating
conjunction (signal word)
that prevents it from
expressing a complete
thought
Comparing Clauses
• Independent (Main) •
– Has a subject
– Has a verb
– Expresses a complete
thought
– Can be a sentence by
itself
Dependent (Subordinate)
– Has a subject
– Has a verb
– Begins with a relative
pronoun or subordinating
conjunction (signal word) that
prevents it from expressing a
complete thought
– Must be attached to an
Independent Clause to make a
sentence
Comparing Dependent Clauses
• Adjective Clause
• Adverb Clause
– Modifies noun or pronoun
– Modifies verb, adjective, or
adverb
Comparing Dependent Clauses
• Adjective Clause
• Adverb Clause
– Modifies noun or pronoun
– Modifies verb, adjective, or
adverb
– Answers Which one? or
What kind?
– Answers Where? When? In
what way? To what extent?
Under what conditions? Or
Why?
Comparing Dependent Clauses
• Adjective Clause
• Adverb Clause
– Modifies noun or pronoun
– Modifies verb, adjective, or
adverb
– Answers Which one? or
What kind?
– Answers Where? When? In
what way? To what extent?
Under what conditions? Or
Why?
– Begins with relative
–
Begins
with
a
subordinating
pronoun (who, whom,
conjunction (examples:
whose, which, or that) or
after, although, as if,
certain subordinating
because, even though, since,
conjunctions (when,
so that, unless, until, when,
where, or since)
whenever, where, while)
A complex sentence is
made up of an
independent clause and a
dependent clause.
Example:
The television was playing
(independent clause which can
stand alone and make sense) as I
left the room (dependent clause
which must be attached to the
independent clause to make
sense).
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
• Words such as whom, because, what, if and
until signal that the clauses that follow them
are subordinate.
• Subordinate clauses do not express complete
thoughts and cannot stand alone.
– whom he asked
– because he answered
– what he had heard
EXAMPLES OF SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
• The Officer whom he asked for directions
was very kind.
• Because he answered so politely, the man
called to compliment the officer.
• The Chief of Police was pleased by what he
had heard.
USES OF SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
• Subordinate clauses can be used as
adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• Adjective clauses function just as
adjectives do.
– Modify nouns
– Modify pronouns
Adjective clauses are often introduced by
relative pronouns.
This is the class that I like the best.
(Essential clause)
My classes, which meet in Room 209, are
all freshman classes. (Nonessential clause)
They are the ones whom I prefer to teach.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
– whom who whose
which that
• These words relate an adjective clause to
the word that the clause modifies.
• They introduce an adjective clause and
relating it to another word in the sentence.
EXAMPLES OF USES OF
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
• John, who enjoys reading, won a
membership to the Book of the Month club.
(The relative pronoun who relates the
adjective clause to John. Who is used as
the subject of the adjective clause.)
Note
• In many cases, the relative pronoun in the
clause may be omitted. The pronoun is
understood and still has a function in the
clause.
– Here is the salad you ordered. [The relative
pronoun that is understood. The pronoun
relates the adjective clause to salad and is used
as the direct object in the adjective clause.]
The Adverb’s Job
• Adverbs tell
–
–
–
–
–
–
when
where
why
how
to what extent or degree
under what conditions
The Adverb Clause
• An adverb clause is a subordinate clause
that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb.
– After I proofread my paper, I typed it. [The
adverb clause After I proofread my paper
tells when I typed it.]
Adverb Clause Continued
• Because manicotti takes so long to
prepare, Joy makes it only on special
occasions. [Because manicotti takes so
long to prepare tells why Joy makes it only
on special occasions.]
• You and your brother may come with us if
you want to. [under what condition]
Adverb Clause Continued
• Like adverbs, adverb clauses may also
modify adjectives or adverbs.
– His pitching arm is stronger today than it ever
was. [stronger (adj.) to what extent the arm is
stronger]
– My cousin Adele reads faster than I do. [faster
(adv.) how much faster my cousin Adele
reads]
Subordinating Conjunctions
• After, although, as,
as if, as long as, as
soon as, because,
before, even though,
if, in order that, once, • These words introduce
since, so that, than,
subordinate clauses.
though, unless, until,
when, whenever,
where, wherever,
whether, while
Write the adverb clauses from the following
sentences and the word they modify.
• 1. You clean the bathroom while I clean the
carpet.
• 2. Ann was confident that she would play the
best.
• 3. Bring in the toys before they get destroyed.
• 4. I stood on the box so that I could see the top
of the shelf.
• 5. Your face becomes red when you are angry.
Answers
• 1. while I clean the carpet modifies the verb clean
• 2. that she would play the best modifies the
predicate adjective confident
• 3. before they get destroyed modifies the verb
bring
• 4. so that I could see the top of the shelf modifies
the verb stood
• 5. when you are angry modifies the verb becomes
• Sometimes the adverb clause
is placed at the beginning of
the sentence.
• When it introduces the
sentence, it is always set off
with a comma.
Example:
• Before the game had ended,
they arrived.
Write the adverb clauses in the following sentences
and the word they modify.
• 1. When you came from the garage, did you see
the mower there?
• 2. Because the field was muddy, the game had to
be cancelled.
• 3. Although you should return to class, just wait
here for me.
• 4. As I sat motionless, the two squirrels came
closer and closer.
• 5. Since I can spare only a few minutes, please be
brief with your presentation.
Answers
• 1. When you came from the garage modifies the
verb did see
• 2. Because the field was muddy modifies the verbal
to be cancelled
• 3. Although you should return to class modifies the
verb wait
• 4. As I sat motionless modifies the verb came
• 5. Since I can spare only a few minutes modifies
the predicate adjective brief
Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences
and the words they modify.
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1. I am hungrier than I thought.
2. We left before the game was over.
3. Lee is older than Bill.
4. While I waited for the phone call, I read a book.
5. If you don't believe me, ask my wife.
6. Are you upset because I didn't call?
7. The alarm rang while I was in the shower.
8. Open the window so that we can have fresh air.
9. Paul will take you home when you are ready.
10. You shouldn't say those things unless you are certain
about their validity.
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1. than I thought modifies the predicate adjective hungrier
2. before the game was over modifies the verb left
3. than Bill (is old) modifies the predicate adjective older
4. While I waited for the phone call modifies the verb read
5. If you don't believe me modifies the verb ask
6. because I didn't call modifies the predicate adjective upset
7. while I was in the shower modifies the verb rang
8. so that we can have fresh air modifies the verb open
9. when you are ready modifies the verb will take
10. unless you are certain about their validity modifies the
verb should say
Combine the following sentences using adverb
clauses at the end of the sentence.
• 1. We watched the robins. They raised their
young in our apple tree.
• 2. Becky read the book. It was recommended
by a friend.
• 3. Dad donates his suits to charity. He has
worn them a year.
• 4. The policemen delayed the drivers. The
wrecks were cleared.
• 5. Ann ate an apple. She studied her
vocabulary.
Answers
• Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to
combine adverb clauses with independent clauses. These
answers show only one possibility.
• 1. We watched the robins while they raised their young in
our apple tree.
• 2. Becky read the book since it was recommended by a
friend.
• 3. Dad donates his suits to charity after he has worn them a
year.
• 4. The policemen delayed the drivers until the wrecks were
cleared.
• 5. Ann ate an apple as she studied her vocabulary.
Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses
at the beginning of the sentence.
• 1. Frank started medical training. He drove a
forklift for a living.
• 2. The rains had started the mud slides. The
homes were not safe to live in.
• 3. Older people love to sit in the park. They feed
the birds and visit.
• 4. I enjoyed camping out. I was much younger.
• 5. Joe recognized the man. The man had stopped
his car to help.
• Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to
combine adverb clauses with independent clauses, but I
will only show one possibility.
• 1. Before Frank started medical training, he drove a
forklift for a living.
• 2. Because the rains had started the mud slides, the homes
were not safe to live in.
• 3. While they feed the birds and visit, older people love to
sit in the park.
• 4. When I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.
• 5. After the man had stopped his car to help, Joe
recognized him.
SELF QUIZ: Write the adverb clauses in these sentences and
tell what word they modify.
• 1. You seem very happy when you help other
people.
• 2. While you wait, we will detail your car.
• 3. That horse is more obstinate than a mule.
• 4. As the lions approached the carcass, the
cheetahs retreated once more.
• 5. While eating, I choked on a bone.
Quiz Answers
• 1. when you help other people modifies the
predicate adjective happy
• 2. While you wait modifies the verb will detail
• 3. than a mule (is obstinate) modifies the
predicate adjective more obstinate
• 4. As the lions approached the carcass modifies
the verb retreated
• 5. While (I was) eating modifies the verb choked