Transcript DirectI-Indirect Speech

There are two ways to report
what a person says:
1. Direct speech.
2. Indirect speech.
Direct Speech
Ahmad said, “I am very busy”.
We have given the exact words used by the speaker.
This way of Quoting\Speech\Narration is called Direct Speech.
Such words are placed between inverted commas (‘…..’ or “…….”)
CHARACTERISTICS:

It is original quotation of a talk.

It is always placed between two quotation marks.

It is always preceded by Capital letter.
Indirect Speech
Ahmad said that he was very busy.
We have reported the idea, indirectly, without quoting the actual
words of the speaker. This method is called indirect speech
(sometimes called reported speech)
CHARACTERISTICS:

In indirect speech we do not use the exact words of the speaker.

We sometimes need to change pronouns and verb tenses.

We don’t use speech marks.
He Said to me , “ I am waiting for my brother ” .
Reporting Speech
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
it is the grammar we use when we want to tell another person
about a conversation that took place in the past.
We often use reported speech to . . .
1. Give someone a telephone message:
Example: Sana said she couldn’t come today because she was
busy.
2. Tell someone news that we heard from
someone else:
Example: Ali told me that he got engaged!
3. To report something that happened:
Example: Sam said that the other driver wasn’t
paying attention and hit his car.
How to use
reported speech:
When we use reported speech, we are usually
talking about the
past.
Therefore, verbs usually change to the
past tense in reported speech.
is / am
are
has / have
can / can’t
will / won’t
becomes
was
were
becomes
had
becomes
becomes
could
couldn’t
would
wouldn’t
In addition to the above changes, we have the following:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
This
becomes
That
These
becomes
Those
Now
becomes
Then
Change of Pronouns:
 All pronouns of 1st person changes according to the
subject of reported speech.
e.g :
She says to me,” I recite the Holy Quran every
day.”
She says to me that she recite the Holy Quran
every day.
 All pronouns of 2nd person are changed according
to the object of reporting speech.
e.g :
The teacher says to us , ” You are wasting your
precious time. “
The teacher told to us that we are wasting our
precious time.
 All pronouns of 3rd person remain unchanged.
e.g :
Ali says to me , ” She hates you. ”
Ali says to me that she hates me.
Simple Sentences:
 He said, “I go to school every day.”
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

He said (that) he went to school every day.
He said, “I live in Paris."
He said that he lived in Paris.
She said, “I am cooking dinner.”
She said that she was cooking dinner.
He said, “I have visited London twice.”
He said that he had visited London twice.
He said, “I went to New York last week.”
He said that he had gone to New York the week before.
He said, “I am going to find a new job.”
He said that he was going to find a new job.
Examples of reporting what
someone said . . .
Maria Said:
“I’m not happy at
my job now. I
think I’ll quit.”
I talked to Maria yesterday. She
was telling me about her job.
Her job is quite stressful.
When we want to tell someone else what Maria
said. In this situation, it’s natural to use
reported speech:
Maria said to me , “I am not happy at my job now”.
Maria told me that she was not happy at her job then.
• However, that is optional.
The following table shows other examples of such changes:
Direct Speech
Reported / Indirect Speech
Today
→ that day / yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.
Tomorrow
→ the next day /the following day /on Thursday , etc.
Yesterday
→ the day before / the previous day / on Tuesday, etc.
Next Month
→ the month after / the following month / in July, etc.
Last Year
→ the year before / the previous year etc.
A Week Ago
→ a week before / a week earlier, etc.
When a person told you something in the past tense,
you can use either the past tense or the past perfect
after the “said” phrase.
Example:
Ahmad said:
OR
“I worked
really hard
today.”
past tense
past perfect tense
Types of Sentences:
 Simple.
 Interrogative.
 Imperative.
 Exclamatory.
Interrogative Sentences:
 There are two main kinds of interrogative sentences.
Those which start with a helping verb such as is, am,
are.
2. Those which start with a question word such as
what, why, when, where, how etc.
 Interrogative sentences beginning with a helping verb
are changed into the indirect speech by using the
connective if or whether.
1.
 The reporting verb said (or any other word used as the
reporting verb) changes to asked.
For example:
o She said to me, ‘Are you coming with us?’
She asked me if I was going with them.
Question mark ‘?’ is placed at the end of the sentence in Direct
speech.
Note that the helping verbs should, could, would, ought to
and might do not change in the indirect speech.
 In some sentences the object may be understood from
the context and not expressed in the sentence. In such
cases the object has to be supplied in the indirect
speech.
For Example:
 Direct: He said, ‘What do you want?’
Indirect: He asked me what I wanted.
Here the object me is understood from the context.
Interrogative Sentences:
 She said to me, ‘Are you unwell?’
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She asked me if I was unwell.
I said to him, ‘Were you present at the meeting yesterday?’
I asked him whether he had been present at the meeting the day before.
The woman said to the stranger, ‘Should I help you?’
The woman asked the stranger whether she should help him.
I said to him, ‘Who are you?’
I asked him who he was.
The mother said to the daughter, ‘Do you know where Ali is?’
The mother asked the daughter whether she knew where Ali was.
The judge said to the lawyer, ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?”
The judge asked the lawyer if he had anything to say on behalf of the accused.
The wolf said to the lamps, ‘Why are you all so sad?’
The wolf asked the lamps why they were all so sad.
Imperative Sentences:
A sentence which expresses
 Command\Order
 Forbidding
 Request
 Advice or Suggestion
is called imperative sentence
Command\Order
 The sentences which expresses some Command or
Order
For Example:
o He said to him, “open the door”.
He ordered him to open the door.
o They said to him, “do not tell a lie”
They said to him not to tell a lie.
OR
They forbade him to tell a lie.
Request
 The sentences which expresses some requests.
For Example:
o He said to me, “please help me”.
He requested me to help him.
o The old woman said to the boy, ‘Please leave me alone.’
The old woman requested the boy to leave her alone.
Advice or Suggestion
 The sentences which offers some Advice or
Suggestion.
For Example:
o I said to him, ‘Love and obey your parents.’
I advised him to love and obey his parents.
o The teacher said to the students, ‘Work hard.’
The teacher advised the students to work hard.
Imperative Sentences:
o Jim said to me, ‘Please lend me your pen.’
o
o
o
o
Jim requested me to lend him my pen.
The doctor said to the patient, ‘Quit smoking.’
The doctor advised the patient to quit smoking.
OR
The doctor suggested that the patient should quit smoking.
The officer said to the clerk, ‘Do it immediately.’
The officer ordered the clerk to do it immediately.
The teacher said to the boy, ‘Come in, please.’
The teacher allowed (or asked) the boy to come in.
He said to me, ‘Post this letter at once.’
He ordered me to post that letter at once.
Some other Examples:
o I said to the children, ‘Do not make a noise.
I forbade the children to make a noise.
o I said to her, ‘Don’t mention his name.’
I forbade her to mention his name.
o He said to me, ‘Wait here till I return.’
He asked me to wait there till he returned.
Exclamatory Sentences
 Exclamatory sentences express sudden emotions
such as
 Joy
 Sorrow
 Contempt
 Regret
 Surprise etc.
Common explanatory phrases are given below:
 Hurrah! Ha! (Express joy)
 Alas! Oh! (Express sorrow, regret, or loss)
 Bravo! (Express Applause)
 What! Oh! How! (Express surprise)
 Pooh! Pshaw! (Express contempt)
An exclamatory sentence has a sign of exclamation , which changes
into a full stop in the indirect speech.
• In indirect speech, the exclamatory phrase or word
(interjection) is replaced by
Hurrah! Ha!
exclaimed with joy.
Alas! Oh!
exclaimed with sorrow.
What! Oh! How!
exclaimed with wonder.
 The connective that has to be supplied in the indirect
speech.
Exclamations
Exclamations normally become statements in indirect speech. They
are often introduced by verbs like exclaim, remark, say, etc.
Direct Speech
1. She said, “How lovely the
house is!”
2.“What a strange idea!” he said.
3. Mary said, “How dreadful!”.
Indirect Speech
She remarked that the house
was very lovely.
He said that it was a very
strange idea.
Mary exclaimed that it was
very dreadful.
Below are sentences of the type which you may find it
difficult to turn into indirect speech.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. “Thank you”, he said
He thanked me.
2. She said, “Welcome”.
She welcomed me.
3. He said, “Happy Eid !”
He wished me a happy Eid.
4. “Let’s go for a walk”.
I proposed (or : suggested)
I said.
that we should go for a walk.
Exclamatory Sentences:
 The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’
The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
 The old man said, ‘Alas! I have lost my purse.’
The old man exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his purse.
 The child said, ‘What a beautiful sight!’
The child exclaimed with delight that it was a very beautiful sight.
OR
The child exclaimed with delight that the sight was very beautiful.
 Kashif said, ‘How beautiful the girl is!’
Kashif exclaimed with delight that the girl was very beautiful.
 The students said to the teacher, ‘Good morning, Teacher!’
The students respectfully wished their teacher good morning.
 Alice said, ‘How glad I am to meet my friend here.’
Alice exclaimed with delight that she was very glad to
meet her friend there.
 The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our foes are too strong!’
The Emperor exclaimed with sorrow that their foes
were too strong.
 ‘Hurrah!’ cried the boy, ‘I have won a prize.’
The boy exclaimed with joy he had done a prize.
Thank You !