Transcript Unit 7: Adjectives & Adverbs

English Grammar I
Unit 7: Adjectives & Adverbs
Unit 7: Adjectives & Adverbs
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7.1 The different functions of
adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives are used to modify nouns,
pronouns.
There is a large tree in front of the
church.
The students are nervous.
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In the first sentence, the adjective
“large” is used to modify the tree, and in
the second sentence, the adjective
“nervous” is used to modify the
students.
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Adverbs are used to modify verbs,
adjectives and adverbs themselves.
The children are playing happily in the
playground.
It has been extremely cold recently.
The taxi driver is driving very quickly
on the freeway.
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In the first sentence, the adverb
“happily” is used to modify the verb
playing.
In the second example, the adverb
“extremely” is used to modify the
adjective cold.
In the third sentence, the adverb “very”
is used to modify the adverb quickly.
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7.1-1 Forming of Adverbs:
1) Most adverbs are formed by simply
adding ly to the adjectives.
warm→ warmly correct→ correctly
2) When adjectives end in ic, the syllable
al is usually added before the ly ending.
dramatic→ dramatically
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3) When adjectives ends in y preceded
by a consonant, the y is changed to i
and ly is added.
busy→ busily happy→ happily
4) Adjectives end in le preceded by a
consonant, change the final e into ly.
favorable→ favorably simple→ simply
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7.1-2 Adjective with something,
someone, anything, anyone
Generally speaking, adjectives usually
go before nouns. However, they should
be after something, anything, someone
and anyone.
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I have something urgent to do, so I
have to go now.
There must be something wrong with
him.
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7.1-3 A- Adjectives
The so-called a- adjectives are afraid,
alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep,
awake, aware. These adjectives always
show up after a linking verb.
The children were ashamed.
The professor remained aloof.
He was so tired that he soon fell asleep.
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7.1-4 Exercise: Adjectives or Adverbs
Lucy is a _____________ (quiet) girl.
Could you please speak more _____
(slow)?
Snow White and the prince lived
together _______ (happy).
My English teacher always dresses
________. (formal)
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It has been raining _________ (heavy)
for two hours.
Ryan thinks _____________ (quick).
“I love you”, Ted said ________. (soft)
Susie didn’t go to work today. She
wasn’t _____________ (good) today.
All of my family woke up because the
phone rang __________ (noisy).
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7.1-5 Adverbs which do not use the
ending ly
Table 7.1: adverbs that have some
forms as adjectives
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adjective
Adverb
adjective
adverb
fast
fast
early
early
hard
hard
straight
straight
far
far
near
near
late
late
high
high
low
low
long
long
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Joe is a fast runner. He runs fast.
Mr. Wang is a hard worker. He works
hard.
Linda was late for school because she
got up late this morning.
My daughter has short and straight hair.
You must go straight home after school.
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7.1-6 Adverbs are closely related, but
have different meanings.
Table 7.2 :Adverbs with different
meanings
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hard
Study hard or you will be failed.
It hardly rains in winter in southern
hardly
Taiwan.
His wife looked at him angrily
late
because he came back late again.
I haven’t seen you lately. How have
lately
you been?
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The thief held his breath when the
near
police walked near.
I have nearly finished reading the
nearly
novel.
The audience threw their hats high in
high
the air.
I highly recommend this brand of
highly
shampoo.
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7.1-8 Exercise : Put adjectives or
adverbs to complete each sentences
Franks sings __________ (good).
Your brother is lazy. He ______ (hard)
works.
Have you ever been to any foreign
countries ____________ (late)?
Louis _______ (near) had an accident
last night.
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7.2 The order of the adjectives:
When a noun is modified by more than
one more adjective, the adjectives
should go in the following order listed in
table 7.3.
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Table 7.3: The order of adjectives
opinion size age Shape color nationality material
1) Opinion: Opinion adjectives are used to
state about your thought.
Examples: beautiful, horrible, difficult,
awful
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2) Size: Size adjectives explain how big
or small something is.
Examples: large, tiny, huge, small
3) Shape: Shape adjectives describe
the shape of something.
Examples: square, round, flat, triangle
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4) Color: Color adjectives are used to
describe the color of objects.
Examples: red, pink, black-and-white,
purple, dark-blue
5) Origin: Origin adjectives are used to
describe where something is from.
Examples: American, European,
French
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6) Material: Material adjectives are used
to state what things are made from.
Examples: wool, cotton, plastic, wooden,
mental, silk
7) Purpose: Purpose adjectives describe
what things are used for.
Examples: sleeping bag, walking stick
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7. 3 Linking Verb
A linking verb is a verb that links the
subject of the sentence to tell
something about that subject. Linking
verbs must be followed by a
complement in order to make the
sentence complete.
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Table 7.4: The linking verbs
be
become
feel
grow
look
remain
smell
seem
sound
appear
taste
stay
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I feel cold. Can you turn the electrical
fan off?
Please don’t scream and try to remain
calm.
The music sounds great.
She seems cold. Give her a coat.
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7.3-1 Linking verbs or Action verbs:
Sometimes a linking verb can be used
as an action verb. When a verb is
followed by a direct object, it is an
action verb. When it is followed by a
predicate adjective or noun, it is a
linking verb. Linking verbs should be
modified by adjectives.
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Linking verb: Your answers did not
appear to be correct.
Action verb: The actor appeared
suddenly and talked about his new
movie.
Linking verb: That steak looks great!
Action verb: Mr. Gray looks at his
daughter angrily.
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7.3-2 Exercise : Write “A” for action
verbs and “L” for linking verbs.
Immigrants always feel nervous when
moving to a new country.
Brant turned the pages quickly. He didn’t
like the novel at all.
What’s on your mind? You seem unhappy.
How could you appear suddenly?
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7.3-3 Exercise: Adjectives or Adverbs.
The fur of the cat feels ______ (soft).
The wound on your knee looks ___ (bad).
Look at the blackboard ______ (careful).
The coffee tastes ______ (awful).
The chef tastes the soup ____ (happy).
Tom looked at my lunchbox ____ (eager).
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7.4 Present Participle and Past
Participle
A verb with an - ing form is called
present participle. It conveys an active
meaning and modifies things. A verb
with an –ed form is called past
participle. It conveys a passive
meaning and modifies people.
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Math always confuses me. ( a verb).
I am always confused at math. ( a past
participle)
Math is a confusing subject for me. (a
present participle)
I feel bored in math class.
Mr. Wang is a boring teacher.
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7.4-1 Exercise: Present Participle or
participle:
“Independence Day” is an _________
(excite) movie.
The sign ________ (confuse) the man.
He looks _________ (confuse).
We had a ____________ (tire) trip.
Cockroaches and mice are ________
(disgust).
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7.5 Comparative & Superlative
When we talk about two things, we can
make a comparison between them. We
can see if they are the same or different.
We use comparative adjectives to
describe the differences. When we
compare more than two things, we
often use the superlative forms.
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7.5-1 The forming of comparative
and superlative:
Most comparative form of adjectives is
formed with the ending er and
superlative form is formed with the
ending of est+ the:
Unit 7: Adjectives & Adverbs
adjective
Comparative
superlative
young
younger
the youngest
old
older
the oldest
long
longer
the longest
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When an adjective ends in a silent e, r is added for the comparative form
and –st+ the is added for superlative
form.
adjective
Comparative superlative
wide
wider
the widest
close
closer
the closest
late
later
the latest
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3)
When an adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant, the y is changed to i
before the ending -er is added to form
the comparative and –est + the is
added for the superlative form.
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adjective
Comparative
superlative
happy
happier
the happiest
busy
busier
the busiest
easy
easier
the easiest
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4)
When an adjective ends in a single
consonant except for w, x or y,
following a single stressed vowel, the
final consonant is doubled before the
ending er or est is added.
Unit 7: Adjectives & Adverbs
adjective
Comparative
superlative
thin
thinner
the thinnest
fat
fatter
the fattest
big
bigger
the biggest
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5)
Irregular adjectives: Some adjectives
have irregular comparative forms.
Their comparative forms are as
follows.
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adjective
many
much
good
well
bad
ill
Comparative
more
more
better
better
worse
worse
superlative
most
most
best
best
worst
worst
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adjective
little
late
far
Comparative
superlative
less
least
later, latter
last, latest
farther,
farthest, furthest
further
Unit 7: Adjectives & Adverbs
＊The difference between less and fewer,
the fewest and the least: “less” is used
with no countable nouns and “fewer” is
used for plural. “least” means smallest
in size or amount.
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There is less traffic on the road today
than yesterday.
They have fewer books than us.
Although Miss Lee has the least
experience, she is the best
teacher in our school.
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＊The difference between “later” and
“latter”, “last” and “latest”: “Later”
means a time in the future. “Latter”
means being the second of two things.
“Last” means coming after all other
similar things or people and “latest”
means the newest.
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We will take a vacation later this year.
We have two solutions for this problem.
The latter seems better
than the former.
Have you heard the latest news?
He is the last man I will ask for help.
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＊ The difference between “farther”, and
“further”, “ farthest”, and “ furthest”:
“Farther” and “farthest” are used for
distance. “Further” and “furthest” are
used to express additional or advanced.
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Neptune is the farthest planet to the
earth.
I am exhausted. I can’t go any farther.
Do you have any further questions?
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7.5-2 Double Comparative:
Double comparative is always used to
mean that something is changing. We
can use “the …the” with comparative to
express two things change together.
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It is getting darker and darker.
My grandmother is walking more and
more slowly.
Sue is growing taller and taller.
The more you have, the more you want.
The more one learns, the less one
knows.
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7.5-3 Exercise: Complete each
sentence with comparative or
superlative
Walt Disney World is ______ (popular)
theme park in the world.
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
International Airport is ________
(world busy) airport.
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In 2008, Warren Buffet is _____ (rich)
person in the world. He is much_____
(rich) than Bill Gates. Actually, he is
_____ (rich) than _____ (all the other
person) in the world.
According to the survey made in 2008,
London is _______ (expensive) city in the
world.