Transcript INFINITIVES

INFINITIVES
İNGİLİZCEDEKİ MASTAR
MADE BY TUĞBA YAZNUR
Fiilin mastar hali infinitive’dir. Fiil
önüne to alır. Infinitive’le kullanılan
bazı fiiller ;
to arrange
to refuse
to prepare
to agree
to decide to plan
to promise to hope
to seem
to offer
Infinitives as subject
To procrastinate causes a lot of problem.
Not to go ahead proved a mistake.
An infinitiveis to plus the base form a verb.
To graduate from a college is important. I want to do
that.
Infinitives and infinitive phrases often
perform the same functions as nouns.
a.They act as subjects.
To finish what you started is advisable.
NOTE:Using an infinitive as a subject is formal. It +
an infinitive phrase is more common.We often add for
+ a noun or pronoun to say who or what does the
actions.
It’s advisable to finish what you started.
It’s important for a student to take good notes in
class.
Infinitives as object
Not everyone wants to procrastinate.
He decided not to go ahead
b.They act as objects.
I’d like to invite you to dinner.
Infınıtıves as Subject Complement
His job is to motivate people.
Their real intention not to succeed.
c.They act as subject complements (phrases that
describe or explain the subject of a sentence
A teacher’s job is to create a desire to learn.
To make an infinite negative,
place not before to
I warned you not to put this off.
BE CAREFUL! Don’t confuse to in an infinitive
with to as a preposition. To in an infinitive is
followed by the base form of the verb.To as a
preposition is followed by a gerund, regular
noun, or pronoun.
I plan to work hard.
I’m used to working hard.
It + Infinitive
It is foolish for her to procrastinate.
It was wrong of him not to go ahead.
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
They decided to call him.
He convicted her to call.
She neglected to call her child.
Certain Verb are Followed only
by Infinitives
She offered to help me.
He learned to be efficent.
Other verbs are followed by a required noun or
pronoun + an infinitive.
I warned Stan to make the payments.
NOTE:
Still other verbs are followed by an optional noun or
pronoun + an infinitive, depending on the meaning of
the verb.
We expected to finish on time.
We expected Jim to finish on time.
Adjectives Followed by
Infinitives
Hal is reluctant to complete his work on time.
He’s careful not to make mistakes.
They’re happy to hear the test has been postponed.
Certain adjectives can be followed by
infinitives. These adjectives usually describe
people, not things. They often express feelings
about the action described in the infinitive.
George is afraid to make mistakes.
Mary is not willing to help us.
Common adjectives followed by infinitives:
afraid, amazed, fortunate, glad, happy, important,
likely,proud, reluctant, sorry, and willing.
Nouns Followed by Infinitives
He can always think of reasons to put off studying.
It seems like the thing to do.
She always shows reluctance to finish a job.
A noun is often followed by an infinitive.
When this occurs, the infinitive gives
informations about the noun.
Cozumel is a good place to spend a vacation.
Genorocity is a good trait to have.
A noun + infinitive often expresses advisability or
necessity.
Starting immediately is the thing to do
a. Examples of verbs and verb phrases
followed only by inftivesini: appear, decide,
expect, hope, manage, need, pretend,
seem, want, would like
They managed to find new jobs.
She pretended to be busy.
b.Examples of the verbs and phrases
followed only by gerunds: avoid, be worth,
can’t help, consider, enjoy, feel like, have
trouble, keep, mind, miss, spend(time)
We considered hiring him.
I don’t feel like working today
c.Examples of verbs followed by
infinitives or gerunds with no change in
meaning:begin, can’t stand, continue, hate,
like, love, prefer, start.
They began to encourage her.
They began encouraging her.
d.Examples of verbs follewed by infinitives or
gerunds with a significant change in
meaning:forget, go on, quit, regret,
remember,stop. try
I stopped / quit to go to store.
(= I stopped / quit another activity ,in order to go to
the store.)
I stopped / quit going to the store.
(= I stopped / quit the activity of shopping at the
store.)
Too / Enough with Infinitives
Too + adjective / Adverb
The project is too complicated to finish on time.
Alice too slowly to meet the deadline.
Too +Adjective / Adverb + Enough
Steve is intelligent enough to understand the
situation.
He didn’t call quikly enough to get the job.
Enough + Noun
They have enough intelligence to pass the test.
They have intelligence enough to pass the test.
The word too and enough are often used before
infinitives.Too is used in this pattern: too +
adjective/ adverb + infinitive .It implies a
negative result.
We’re too tired to do any work today.
Sam started too late to finish on time.
Enough + Infinitiveis used
after an adjective/adverb
Ken is strong enough to lift 80 kilos.
Mia runs fast enough to be first.
Enough can be used before a
noun + infinitive
There’s not enough money to pay for the repairs.
Enough can also used arter a
noun.This usage is formal.
There is not money enough to pay for the repairs.
NOTE: Add for + a noun or pronoun
to show who performs the action
of the infinitive
There’s not enough money for Jane to pay for the
repairs.
Infinitives can occur simple or past
form.We use a simple infinitive(without a
past participle) to indicate an action in the
same general time frame as the action in
the main verb.
• I expected you to call.
We use a past infinitive (to + have + past
participle) to show an action that occured
before the action of the main verb in the
sentence
• You seem to have forgotten the report that was due
today.
Infinitives can occur in passive form. In
the present, use to + be or get + past
participle.In the past, use to + have + been
+ past participle. Use the past form to
indicate an action that occured before the
action of the main verb
• The work is supposed to be finished by tomorrow.
• The work was to have been done before now.
Active and Passive Infinitives
•
•
•
•
She plans to invite them.
They expect to be invited.
She was glad to have invited them.
They were happy to have been invited.
USAGE NOTE:In formal English, it is
sometimes considered incorrect to split an
infinitive – i.e., to place a word between to
and the base form of the verb. Place the
word before or after the infinitive.In
conversation, it is acceptable to split an
infinitive.
• Not Star Trek explorers are told where no one has
gone before.
• Star Trek explorers are told to go boldly where no one
has gone before.
• Star Trek explorers are told boldly to go where no one
has gone before.
To avoid repeating an infinitive just
mentioned, simply used to. This is called
ellipsis
• Steve knew he had to go to work, but he didn't want
to.