Transcript 03. Tense revision

Why study GRAMMAR?
What Is GRAMMAR?
• Grammar is the system of a
language.
• Grammar is simply a reflection of
a language at a particular time.
• Think of grammar as something
that can help you, like a friend.
• You can use grammar like a
signpost or a map in finding the
way.
Why study GRAMMAR?
• GREAT GRAMMAR leads to:
• your being a better listener,
speaker, reader, writer and
communicator.
• better relationships and job
prospects.
• logic and reasoning in
communication skills.
• your own writing style.
Why study GRAMMAR?
• GREAT GRAMMAR leads to:
• your being a better listener,
speaker, reader, writer and
communicator.
• better relationships and job
prospects.
• logic and reasoning in
communication skills.
• your own writing style.
English grammar is the science which treats of
the nature of words, their forms, and their uses
and relations in the sentence.
• It makes rules to tell us how to
use words.
• It is a record of usage which we
ought to follow.
• It is concerned with the forms of
the language.
• Grammar teaches the laws of language,
and the right method of using it in
speaking and writing. – Patterson
Nine Parts of Speech
Articles
Nouns
Interjections
Adjectives
Conjunctions
A word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a
statement
Every sentence must
have
a
Kinds of Verbs
• Action verbs express
mental or physical
action.
He rode the horse to
victory.
• Linking verbs make a
statement by
connecting the subject
with a word that
describes or explains
it.
He has been sick.
The importance for correct VERB TENSE
• Clear and easy to understand
• Consistency
• To express the event with proper verb
tenses
The VERB has characteristics of:
• TENSE
• MOOD
• VOICE
• ASPECT
• Tense is a method that we use in English to refer
to time - past, present and future.
• tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes
the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of
speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).
There are three times that can be indicated by verb
tenses in English:
• present
• past
• future
There are three “aspects” that can be expressed:
simple (indefinite)
perfect (completion – before the time of focus)
progressive (or continuous) (duration – in progress at the
time of focus)
NOW
PAST
FUTURE
The Twelve Traditional Tenses
The Twelve Traditional Tenses
Present SIMPLE (Indefinite)
It is used to signal the following meanings:
• Habitual actions in the present.
He walks to class every day.
• General timeless truths.
Water freezes at 0 degrees centigrade.
The Earth is round.
• Sensory or mental perception in the present.
I see a sign in the corner.
I know that Charlotte is a teacher.
• Narrative present
Marc hits the ball and falls over.
• Schedule, timetable
Classes begin at 9.
• Sense verbs (hear, see, sound, taste, feel)
The skunk smells bad
Present SIMPLE (Indefinite)
It is used to signal the following meanings:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
always
most of the time
usually
sometimes
often
half of the time
frequently
occasionally
rarely
seldom
hardly ever
never (forever)
every day/week/year
Past SIMPLE (Indefinite)
It is used to signal the following meanings:
• A definite completed action in the past.
He flew to the UK on Saturday.
• Habitual action in the past.
Chris jogged to work every day last year.
• A situation that applied in the past with the
implication that it no longer applies in the
present.
Professor Walker lectured at Keele for 30
years.
EXPRESSION OF TIME!!!
Past SIMPLE (Indefinite)
It is used to signal the following meanings:
•
•
•
•
•
Yesterday
Last …
… ago
Last year/month/week
In 1990
Present Progressive (Continuous)
It is used to signal the following meanings:
• Action in progress at the moment of speaking
They are eating their lunch now.
• A temporary present occupation or activity
She is studying at Keele University now.
• Repetition in a series of similar ongoing actions
Skippy is pushing the football around the garden.
• Complaints about bad habits
She is always grumbling.
• Planned action in the nearest future
We are meeting our friends tomorrow.
• Situations which are changing or developing around the
present
Computers are becoming more and more important.
Present Progressive
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
at present moment
at 5 o’clock a.m.
presently
for now
currently
right now
this month
this semester
this year
just now
as we speak
for a little while
Past Progressive (Continuous)
It is used to signal the following
meanings:
• Action in progress at exact time
I was sleeping when he came.
While I was eating the telephone rang.
• The actions in progress simultaneously
While I was studying, she was watching TV.
• Description in narrative
I looked out of the window. The sun was shining brightly..
• (Always) repeated actions-criticism
When a child she was always loosing things.
Present Perfect
The present perfect is used when:
• the time period has not finished
I have seen three movies this week.
(This week has not finished yet.)
• the time is not mentioned
• (new information, life experience, the action in the past):
Gerry has failed his exam again.
I’ve cut my finger
• the time is recent:
Ikuko has just arrived in Victoria.
• with for and since.
Greg has lived here for 20 years.
Greg has lived here since 1978.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a number of times
repeatedly
several times
often
for (quantity of time)
over (quantity of time)
since, ever since (specific date or time)
so far
up to now
until now
to date
for (quantity of time)
over (quantity of time)
•
since, ever since (specific date or time)
•
•
•
•
•
•
just
recently
not long ago
already
yet
to date
Present Perfect
until this moment
since noon (exact time)
since this morning
since July 2003
since yesterday
since the 1900s
ever since I met you
this morning (hours ongoing)
this week (days ongoing)
this year (days ongoing)
this decade (years ongoing)
this century (years ongoing)
for two minutes (quantity)
for an hour
for three days
over the past 3 years
in my life (current)
THANK YOU
for Attention