Transcript 1. Present perfective

Lecture 15 Perfective Tense
• Objectives:
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1. Present perfective
2. present perfective progressive
3. past perfective
4. Will/ shall+ perfective
1. Present Perfective
1) “finished use” and “unfinished use”
Present perfective has two chief uses: “finished
use” and “unfinished use”
(1) The “finished use” refers to the present
result of a past event is still operative at the
present moment.
--The delegation has already left.
--You’ve grown much taller.
-- The city has taken on a new look.
1. Present perfective
(1) “finished use”
-- You should have put the milk in the ice-box;
I expect it ___ undrinkable by now.(1990.1 Band 6)
A. became
B. had become
C. has become
D. becomes
Answer: C
Note that the “finished use” also denotes a kind of
experience .
--Man’s hairs have grown white in a single night.
(人的头发有一夜变白的)
1. Present perfective
(2) The “unfinished" use of the present perfective
denotes that an action or state extends over a
period lasting up to the present possibly
extending into the future as well.
--- How many pages have you covered today?
--The conference has lasted five days.
---The strike has continued for a week.
---I’ve always walked to work .
.
2) Cases where Present perfective is used
(1) The present perfective used for an action
which lasts throughout an incomplete
period (with time expression: for, since,
all day/night/ week, all my life, all the time,
always, lately, never, recently now, today, this
morning, these days, for a long time,
up to now, so far) eg:
•
2) Cases where Present perfective is
used
--He has been in the army for two years.
--I have smoked since I left school.
--I’ve just received a money order
Note: When there is an adverbial of time
when in a sentence which can only be used
in the simple past, not perfective aspect.
(2) Compare Adverbial of time in present
perfective and past tense
just now----- simple past
ago----- simple past (not used alone)
when------ simple past
just-------- present perfective
before ---- present perfective
(2) Compare Adverbial of time in present
perfective and past tense
--So far we have only discussed the first
five lecture.
--He has learned a great deal since he
came here.
-- We haven’t had much rain this summer
(it is still summer now)
• 3) Other Use of Present Perfective
• (1) Perfective aspect and since-clause
• Perfective aspect is often accompanied
by a since-clause to denote a continuous
state or activity from a point in past time
until now. The verb in the since-clause is
commonly the simple past of a dynamic
verb denoting non- continuous activity.
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
Momentary verbs expressing “the “unfinished”
use of the present perfective mainly has
three types:
a. have done + since + did
.
b. It is (have done)…since
c. It’s(will be) the first/second …time that…have don
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
a. have done + since + did
• 在 since-clause中用持续性动词和静态动词的
一般过去时表示动作或状态的完成或结束.
• 如果since-clause中的动词或状态延续到说话时
间, 通常用持续性动词或静态动词的现在完成体.
• Compare:
• --He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
(I’m not ill now)
• 自我病愈以来, 他经常给我写信.
• -- He has written to me frequently since I have
been ill. (I’m still ill now)
• 自我生病以来, 他经常给我写信.
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
a. have done + since + did
• --The house has been in bad repair since
he lived in it.
• 他搬走之后,这房子就没有修缮过.
• -- I haven’t seen him since I was a
student at Zhengzhou University.
• 我从郑州大学毕业后就没再见过他.
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
b. It is (have done)…since
• If the main clause is in the form of “ It
be+ a time span+ since-clause” , the
verb be is used in the main clause to
replace the present perfective.
• --It’s three months since he wrote to me.
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3) Other Use of Present Perfective
c. It’s(will be) the first/second …time that…have
done
-- It’s the first time/ the second that I have visited
the Great Wall.
--It/This is first time we’ve met each other.
--It was the first time this year he had not worked
on a Saturday.
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
Note： It /this is the best (worst, most
interesting) +a noun that + have done
--It is the best film that I’ve seen.
--This is the most interesting novel he has
written.
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
(2) Points to be noticed when using momentary
verbs and the durative verbs in Present
perfective
a. Corresponding relations between
momentary verbs and the durative verbs
are as follows:
buy---have
borrow---keep
become---- be
leave----be away
come --- be in
become---be
join---be in/ be a member of… died--- be dead.
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
b. Momentary verbs/transitional verbs
can not be used with adverbial of time
which can keep a period of time,
and verbs are : come , become, arrive, get,
die, find, jump, marry, knock …
Compare:
Harry has got married for six years (no)
Harry got married six years ago (yes)
Harry has been married for six years (yes)
…
3) Other Use of Present Perfective
c. Momentary verbs/transitional verbs can
be used with “for/since…”
-- What’s happened since last Friday?
--The city has changed greatly since 2001.
--He has never touched beer for a whole week.
--They have begun to study a new lesson
since yesterday.
2. Present Perfective Progressive
The use of present perfective progressive
has much in common with the “unfinished” use
of the present perfective, that is ,
an action or state which started in the past
extends over a period lasting up to
the present moment possibly extending into
the future as well, in many cases two forms
can be used interchangeably，especially
when verbs are work, study, live, teach etc.
2. Present Perfective Progressive
--I’ve been waiting for an hour but she hasn’t
come.
--How long have you been doing this work?
--My clothes are wet. I’ve been walking in the
rain.
--Since she left home, I haven’t been
sleeping at all well.
(自从她离开后我一直睡得不好)
2. Present Perfective Progressive
• 1) Present perfective progressive is
used, when an action occurs again and
again in a period of time before the
present.
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-- I’ve been working on the night shift for
several weeks.
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--All these years they have been
contributing articles to our magazine.
2. Present Perfective Progressive
2) Present perfective progressive is used
to show a kind of feeling.
-- I have been wanting to see you for a long time.
(wish)
--Who’s been telling you such nonsense? (angry)
--You have been deceiving me. (angry)
--Too much has been happening these days.
( sadness)
3. Past perfective
Past perfective (had done ) and
Past progressive ( had been doing)
Past perfective has “finished use” and
“unfinished use” only with time reference
back –shifted to a specified past moment.
3. Past perfective
(1) Past perfective showing an action which
happened before a specified past moment.
--They had got everything ready before I
came.
--The play had already started when we got
to the theatre.
--Up till then we had only covered half the
distance.
--By the end of last week she had written
two papers.
3. Past perfective
(2) The action expressed in Past perfective
occurs before the action in the main clause.
(with adverbial of time: as soon as,
before, after, until, now that)
--They fulfilled the plan earlier than they had
expected
--We congratulated them on the new success
they had achieved
3. Past perfective
--He suddenly remembered that he hadn’t locked the door.
--When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
--She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.
Note: If two actions happen one after another，
the simple past is used.
After we said good-bye to our friends, we left the village.
As soon as he arrived , he gave us a phone call.
3. Past perfective
(3) Past perfective is used in the
following constructions:
hardly/scarcely/barely…
when; no sooner than…
--She had hardly gone to bed when the bell
rang.
--No sooner had they left the building than the
bomb exploded.
3. Past perfective
(4) Past perfective used with such
verbs as intend, mean, hope, want, plan,
suppose, expect, think indicates the thing
has not been done although it had been
prepared.
--I had intended to call on you yesterday,
but someone came to see me just when I
was about to leave.
--He had been inclined to be an artist.
4. Will/ shall+ perfective infinitive
Will/ shall+ perfective infinitive (will/shall +
have done) refers to an action that has just
finished before a given time. eg:
--I’ll have finished my work by five this afternoon.
-- Before long he’ll have forgotten all about it.
4. Will/ shall+ perfective infinitive
(will/shall + have done)
• By the time you arrive in London, we _____ in
Europe for two weeks.
• A) shall stay
B) will have stayed
• C) have stayed
D) have been staying
• Answer: B
• By the year 2000, scientists probably ____ a
cure for cancer.
• A) will be discovering B) will have discovered
• C) are discovering
D) have discovered
• Answer: B
Exercises: Fill in the blanks with proper words
• .
• We 1____ (just move) into a new house and I
2___ (work ) hard all morning. I 3____ (try) to
get my new room in order. It 4 ____ (not be)
easy because I 5___ (own) over a thousand
books. The room_6___ (be) rather small, so I
have temporarily put my books on the floor. My
sister 7___ (get) a big surprise when she8 ____
(see) all those books on the floor. “ this 9--- (be)
the prettiest carpet I 10____ (ever, see),” she
said.
Answer to Exercise
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1. have just moved
2. have been working
3. have been trying
4. isn’t 5. own
6. is
7. got
8. saw
9. is
10. have ever seen
Exercises: choose the best answer
• （1）He _____ his leg when he______ in a
football match against another school.
• A. broke, played
• B. was breaking, was playing
• C. broke, was playing
• D. was breaking, played.
• (2) When the child_____ its mother’s steps
upstairs, it smiled.
•
A. recognized
B. realized
•
C. listened to
D. knew
Exercises: choose the best answer
• (3) It_____ a long time since I ____ Tom at my
uncle’s
• and I don’t know where he____ these months.
• A, is, saw, has been
B. was, saw, has been
• C. was, had seen, was D. is, had seen, has
gone
• (4) Tom was disappointed that most of the
guests_____ when he____ at the party.
• A. left , had arrived
B. left, arrived
• C. had left , had arrived D. had left, arrived
Exercises: choose the best answer
• (5) The runner did very well, but he ___ to break
the record.
• A won, B failed C. got D. had
• (6) He told me that only at weekends ____ to
watch TV.
• A．he was allowed
B. he did allow
• C. was he allowed
D. did he allow
• (7) Mary ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
• A. made
B. is making
• C. was making D. makes
Exercises: choose the best answer
• (8) As she _____ the newspaper, Granny____
asleep.
• A. read, was falling
B. was reading , fell
• C. was reading, was falling D. read, fell
• (9) The driver of the car___ when a black one
came up very quickly.
• A. was just starting
B. has just started
• C. would just start out
D. is just starting out.
Exercises: choose the best answer
• (10) I don’t really work here; I ____ until the new
secretary arrives.
• A. just help out
B. have just helped out
• C. am just helping out D. will just help out.
• (11) --- Have you moved into the new house?
• ----- Not yet. The rooms ____.
• A. are being painted B. are painting
• C. are painted
D. are being painting
Exercises: choose the best answer
• (12) My dictionary ___ , I have looked for it
everywhere but still ____ it.
• A. has lost, don’t find B. is missing, don’t find
• C. has lst, haven’t found D. is missing , haven’t
found
• (13) She ____ to pay me back.
• A. always borrow money and forget
• B. is always borrowing money and forgetting
• C. always borrows money and forgets
• D. is always borrow money and forget
Exercises: choose the best answer
• (14) My wife ____ me.
• A. is forever criticize
B. forever
criticizing
• C. forever criticizes
D. is forever
criticizing
• (15) I don’t think Jim saw me, he ____ into
space.
• A. just stared
B. was just staring
• C. has just stared
D. had just stared
Answer to the exercise
• 1-5 BAADB 6-10: CCBAC
• 11-15: ADBDB