Transcript BeReEm - Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

BeReEm
Semantic value vs. grammaticalization of
prefixes in the construal of myśleć ‘think’
in Polish
by
Iwona Kokorniak
and Malgorzata Fabiszak
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Overview
Aspect in Slavic
Grammatic(al)ization
Prefix semantics
Aspectual pairs
Meaning analysis of Perfective prefixed forms
of myśleć
Prototypical structure of prefixed forms of
myśleć
Aspectual continuum
Questions for further research
Aspect in Slavic
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Comrie, B. (1976: 89-90)
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Slavic prefixes were first semantically ‘heavy’, later
developed their Aspectual function of Perfectivity
po- in Russian the most neutral semantically (often
forms strict aspectual pairs): myśleć - pomyśleć
semantically non-empty prefixes > development of
aspectual pairs through suffixal derivation of
Imperfective forms: myśleć > wymyśleć >
wymyślać
The meaning of Aspect:
structural approaches
IMPERFECTIVE
DURATION
Sørensen 1949, Meillett
1924
IMPERFECTIVE
PROCESS
Kuhnert 1984,
Cockiewicz 1992
PERFECTIVE
END OR
BEGINING AND END
OF AN ACTION
PERFECTIVE
EXHAUSTIVE
Sørensen 1949,
Vondrak 1929,
Gaertner 1938,
Klemensiewicz 1960,
Milewski 1976
Klemensiewicz et al
1964
Christman 1959
IMPERFECTIVE/PERF DURATIVE:PUNCTUA
ECTIVE
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PERFECTIVE
COMPLETNESS OF
AN ACTION
De Saussure, Bondarko
– Bułanin 1967, Śmiech
1971
The meaning of Aspect:
Langacker (2001)
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Bounded events: viewed externally, in their
entirety, heterogenous (contain sub-events),
end-point focus > NON-PROGRESSIVE
Unbounded events/states: internal, close-up
view on the progression of the event, limited
duration > PROGRESSIVE
Lasting states: infinite > NON-PROGRESSIVE
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Aspect in Slavic: A cognitive
approach (Janda)
PERFECTIVE IS A DISCRETE SOLID
IMPERFECTIVE IS A FLUID SUBSTANCE
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Aspect operates on inherent, discourse and pragmatic level
in Slavic > we focus on inherent in this paper
po-, pro- (prze-) are Perfective (DISCRETE SOLID) have
perdurative and delimitative meanings, focus on punctuality.
Janda (2004, 2006)
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The (perfective) commencement of an activity corresponding
to a solid barrier with a substance on one side can
alternatively be compressed into a single ingressive zaprefixed verb in East Slavic and Bulgarian. This option is
less entrenched in Polish and Serbo-Croatian, and absent or
marginal and at any rate non-productive in Czech, Slovak,
and Sorbian (Dickey 2000: 222-233).
The meaning of Aspect in
Slavic (Dickey 2000)
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‘east-west aspect theory’
‘totality’ – central semantic category of the western perfective
(Czech, Slovak, Sorbian, Slovene)
‘temporal definitness’ – central semantic category of the
eastern perfective (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian)
a temporally definite event “is viewed as both (a) complete
whole and (b) qualitatively different from preceding and
subsequent states of affairs” (Dickey and Hutcheson 2003: 2728).
Transitional zone – Serbo-Croatian and Polish, where the
perfective aspect is “a radial or polysemous category with a
secondary, local prototype” (Dickey 2000: 39)
Polish closer to the eastern group
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Grammatic(al)ization
Grammaticalization - “the attribution of a
grammatical character to a previously
autonomous word” (Meillet 1912: 131, as
quoted in Hopper 1991: 17)
The resultant forms are “grammatical”, i.e.
part of “grammar” (Hopper 1991: 34 fn. 2)
Instances of grammatici(al)zation:
Categories which are morphologized might
safely be said to be part of grammar
Aspect, number, tense and case, among
others, occur frequently across languages
as affixal morphology
Grammatici(al)zation is a question of degree
Prefix semantics
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do– indicates an approximation to a goal or result; some effort;
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na– indicates an intensity of an action; expresses a cumulative
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reaching the goal may involve encountering certain difficulties
along the way, where the trajector (TR) makes every effort to
achieve the goal despite any obstacles;
process
ob– the image schema involved here refers to a circular motion
of TR around LM
po– forms delimitative verbs to indicate (i) a short duration of
an action; (ii) a limited nature of an action; does not involve the
attainment of any obvious goal (atelic)
prze– may depict a three dimensional and bounded LM, such
as a tunnel in which the TR moves from one end to the other,
where the TR “gradually fills the whole volume of the landmark”
(Pasich-Piasecka 1993: 19)
Prefix semantics
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roz– in its basic image schema represents the TR and landmark LM
constituting one entity before a change and taking different forms
afterwards. Thus, the comparison of the two states of the entity before
and after the change profiles different senses of roz-.
u– in one of its image schemas the LM is construed as s a collection of
entities among which the selected TR is located; thus, the TR
constitutes part of the LM
wy– construal of the TR’s emergence from the LM, or its coming into
existence by leaving the bounded region of the LM; the container
image schema evoked
za– can represent a construal of ‘excess’ with intransitive perfective
verbs, being extended from the sense of ‘going beyond a boundary’
z– implies following a path and then veering off in another direction
(Dickey 2006, 2009, p.c.; Przybylska 2001, 2006;
Piernikarski 1975; Śmiech 1986; Tabakowska 2003)
Aspectual pairs
• Within a network of verbs expressing a
single lexical meaning, Langacker
(1999: 103), views aspectual pairhood
as a categorizing relationship between a
pair of imperfective and perfective verbs
that has a high degree of entrenchment
and ease of activation
• Myśleć ‘think’– polysemous; depending
on the context, certain construals will be
sanctioned and in each case a different
‘pair of’ verbs, which are mutually linked
by an entrenched categorizing
Aspectual pairs of myśleć by Cockiewicz
(1992: 183)
• myśleć : pomysleć; myśleć : namyśleć
się
• domyślić się : domyślać się; obmyślić :
obmyślać; namyślić się : namyślać się;
przemyśleć; wymyślić : wymyślać;
zamyślić : zamyślać; zmyślić :
zmyślać; rozmyślić : rozmyślać
Prefix/Aspect frequencies; PWN Corpus
Prefix
Imperf
Perf
Total
do542
350
892
na59
32
91
ob44
47
101
po0
998
998
• Ja to uzupełnię
prze28
225
253
roz180
64
244
u0
26
26
wy269
1057
1326
za31
185
185
z33
25
58
The meaning of Perfective prefixed
forms of myśleć
• domyślić się – focus on the end point and result; intensiveresultative verb (Dickey 2009)
• namyślić się – focus on cumulative nature process, and goal
attainement
• obmyślić – the mental process has a circular nature, which means
that the object of thinking is considered from many different perspectives
• pomyśleć – beginning of an action but no end or result, focus on
process; A prefix overlaps with the meaning of a source verb enough to
produce a compound verb whose meaning is identical to that of the impf
source verb save for aspect (Dickey 2006: 12)
• przemyśleć –
implies the in-depth nature of the mental activity; also
points at its completeness and duration
The meaning of Perfective prefixed
forms of myśleć ctnd.
• rozmyślić się – an observed change in the subject’s mental state -
between the ‘normal’ process of the mental activity represented by the
unprefixed form into the ‘changed’ mental state represented by the
prefixed one;
• the reflexive pronoun emphasizes the internal mental change of the
subject, which may also bring about a change in the subject’s behaviour
frequently conceived of by observers as a negative one (Przybylska 2001:
279-280)
• umyślić coś - the mental process involves selection of one entity
from a collection; the subject of the process thus focuses his/her attention
on the selected entity, with the mental activity not being entirely conscious
and goal-oriented
• wymyślić – refers to a mental activity as a result of which one or
more ideas emerge from one’s mind; completeness of the process, which
is conscious and goal-oriented; punctual in nature
• zamyślić się – an absorbtive verb, as it construes a continuous
process whose subject, by becoming deeply engrossed in the activity,
loses control over it;
• the mental activity occurs independently of the subject’s will, some
adverse consequences may be expected (Dickey p.c.)
• zmyślić - the subject involved in the mental activity suddenly strays
from the normal train of thought and produces an unexpected idea
(deviant result – a false proposition)
Prototypical structure of
prefixed myśleć, Perfective
Aspect continuum
Aspect continuum
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Aspectual pairs with myśleć:
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Aspectual pairs with suffixal derivation:
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myśleć:pomyśleć, myśleć:przemyśleć,
myśleć:wymyśleć, myśleć:domyśleć się
przemyśleć:przemyśliwać; wymyślić:wymyślać;
domyślić:domyślać; namyślić się:namyślać;
obmyślić:obmyślać; zamyślić się:zamyślać się;
Divergence of aspectual pairs (Hopper 1991):
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rozmyślić się [change mind]; umyślić [decide];
wymyślać komuś [abuse]; zmyślić:zmyślać [think
up]
Questions for further research
• Aspect and negation (cf. Bogusławski
2003)
• Aspect and modality
• Aspect and Direct Object (Langacker
2003)
• Operationalization of Janda’s (2004)
metaphor
References
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Bogusławski, Andrzej. 2003. Aspekt i negacja. Warszawa: Instytut Lingwistyki
Stosowanej UW.
Bondarko, A. 1975. „O vidach russkogo glagola”. In: Russkij jazyk za rubezom 5/6.
Cockiewicz, Wacław. 1992. Aspekt na tle systemu słowotwórczego polskiego
czasownika... Kraków: UJ.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. CUP.
Dickey, Stephen M. 2000. Parameters of Slavic aspect: A cognitive approach.
Stanford: CSLI.
Dickey, Stephen M. 2009. Subjectification and the East-West aspect division. (Paper
presented at the 9th Slavic Cognitive Linguistics Conference, 16th Oct. 2009.).
Dickey, Stephen M. (personal communication). Subjectification and the Russian
perfective.
Dickey, Stephen M. and Julie Hutcheson. 2003. “Delimitative verbs in Russian,
Czech and Slavic”, in: Robert A. Maguire and Alan Timberlake (eds.), American
contributions to the Thirteenth International Congress of Slavists. Columbus: Ohio
Slavica, 23-36.
(http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/5473/1/Dickey%20%26%20Hut
cheson%20Delimitatives.pdf) (date of access: 9th Nov. 2009)
References
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Hopper, Paul. 1991. “On some principles of grammaticalization”, in: Paul
Hopper and Elizabeth C. Traugott (eds.). Grammaticalization. Vols. 2.
Cambridge: CUP, 17-35.
Janda, Laura. 2004. “A Metaphor for Aspect in Slavic”. Cognitive Linguistics
15/4: 471-427.
Langacker, Ronald. 1991. Foundations of cognitive grammar: Descriptive
application. Vol. 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald. 1999. Grammar and conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter.
Przybylska, Renata. 2001. “Struktura schematyczno-wyobrażeniowa prefiksu
czasownikowego roz-“ [Image-schematic structure of the verbal prefix ‘roz-’]
Polonica 21: 269-286.
Przybylska, Renata. 2006. Schematy wyobrażeniowe a semantyka polskich
prefiksów czasownikowych do-, od-, prze-, roz-, u-. [Image schemata and
semantics of Polish verb prefixes do-, od-, prze-, roz-, u-]. Kraków:
Universitas.
Radden, Günter and René Dirven. 2007. Cognitive English grammar.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Thank you for your attention
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