Transcript AC2_Les26_TonePhonemes

Tone Melodies Answersː
Yoruba tone melodies
VCV nouns (6 contrastive)
H
M
ɔ̄bɛ̄
‘knife’
L
àg͡bà
‘adult’
HL
HM
ML āk͡pò
‘sack’
LH
àk͡pá
‘arm’
LM àgā
‘chair’
MH ɔ̄g͡bá
‘stick’
CVCV nouns (4 contrastive)
k͡pák͡pá ‘field’
búrù
rír̃ũ ̄
‘news’
‘pain’
bàbá
‘father’
Tone Melodies Answersː
Yoruba tone melodies
CV verbs (3 contrastive)
H
fɛ́ ‘to want’
M
fī ‘to put’
L
fɔ̀ ‘to wash’
HL
ML
LH
CVCV verbs (4 contrastive)
dʲòkù
‘to sit’
g͡bábɛ̀
k͡pāmɔ̀
g͡bàdɛ́
‘to sweep’
‘to keep’
‘to meet’
Tone Melodies Review
How do we know when there is a difference in the underlying tone of
words?
Tone Melodies Review
How do we know when there is a difference in the underlying tone of
words?
[ 2 2 3]
[2 3 3]
[4 4 p]
kʊ–t͡ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’
kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’
kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’
If all the factors that can affect tone are taken out, so that the words have analogous
environments for tone, then any different surface tone melodies must be
because of different underlying tone phonemes.
Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3)
17. Study the Tone System
A. Decide how many tone melodies there are
B. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes
(contrastive tone heights)
C. Find the tone phoneme distribution
D. Predict the environment for any tone neutralization
and tone allophones
E. Find how to predict tone changes across
morpheme and word boundaries
F. Find differences in words and grammar
made only by tone
G. Find the functional load of tone
H. Decide if/how to write tone in the orthography.
Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone
(3 of 3)
17. Study the Tone System
A. Decide how many tone melodies there are
B. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes
(contrastive tone heights) there are
C. Find the tone phoneme distribution
D. Predict the environment for any tone neutralization
and tone allophones
E. Find how to predict tone changes across morpheme and
word boundaries
F. Find differences in grammar made by tone
G. Find the functional load of tone
H. Decide if/how to write tone in the orthography.
Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone
(3 of 3)
17. Study the Tone System
B. Decide how many underlying level tone
phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are
1. By the number of melodies
2. By contrast in analogous environments
How many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone
heights) are there?
There can only be 4 contrastive tone melodies when
there are 2 underlying level tone phonemes (unless
there is both falling and rising in the word).
H
L
HL
LH
(HLH) (LHL)
There can only be 9 contrastive tone melodies when
there are 3 underlying level tone phonemes.
H M L HL HM ML LH LM MH
We find the following in CHUMBURUNG Ghana (Snider)
kV-CVCV has 3 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves
[2 3 3]
[2 2 3]
[4 4 p]
kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’
kʊ–t͡ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’
kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’
kɪ–bak͡pa ‘shoulder’ kɪ–d͡ʒafʊ ‘fish scale’ ki–t͡ʃini ‘vein’
kɪ–ɲarɪ ‘name’
ku–kuti ‘orange’
kɪ–fʊrɪ ‘rock’
ki–feri ‘month’
kɪ–parɪ ‘pool’
kɪ–pɪnɪ ‘mortar’
kV-CVŋ has 4 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves
[2 3]
[2 i]
[4 p]
[2 a]
ku–suŋ ‘work (n)’ kɪ–baŋ ‘paddle’ kɪ–laŋ ‘hip’
kɪ–paŋ ‘cutlass’
kɪ–laŋ ‘jug’
kɪ–t͡ʃaŋ ‘room’ kɪ–d͡ʒaŋ ‘hut’
After looking at all other analogous groups, we find none has more than 4 tone melodies. So, we can claim
there are only 2 underlying level tones, High and Low
Constrative Tone Melodies in ‘BELI Sudan
CV has 5 melodies
[4]
d̪a
CVCV has 7 melodies
[4 4]
‘meat’
[2]
CVCVCV has 6 melodies
[4 4 4]
ɲɔrɔ
[3 3]
‘poison’
ceɾe
[2 a]
‘star’
‘cow’
m͡bala ‘song’
[4 a]
bi
‘dog’
g͡baⁿd̪a
[4 3]
‘cassava’
hɔlɔ
[2 4]
‘buttock’
kabɪ
[2 3]
‘roof’
də
[C]
‘grandparent’
g͡bɛt̪ɪ
‘child’
[3 4]
‘dove’
[2 2 a]
ha
[p]
[B]
kʊɾʊɓʊ
t̪ɪmaɾa
[4 4 a]
kɪlɪja
‘crocodile’
‘stick’
[2 4 4]
d̪ɔhajɪ
[2 3 3]
akaca
‘land’
‘donkey’
[3 4 4]
pɪ
‘bamboo’
ᵐbaja
‘wing’
kɔᵐbɪlɪ
‘finger’
There are two many melodies for only 2 underlying level tones. There must be 3 underlying level tones: High, Mid, Low.
Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone
(3 of 3)
17. Study the Tone System
B. Decide how many underlying level tone
phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are
1. By the number of melodies
2. By contrast in analogous environments
Important Factors for Contrast in Analogous Environment for tone melodies
1.
Same part of speech
2.
No borrowed words or compounds
3.
Same noun class or verb class
4.
Same syllable structure
5.
Same type of consonants (only in some languages)
Important Factors for Contrast in Analogous Environment for tone phonemes
1.
Same part of speech
2.
No borrowed words or compounds
3.
Same noun class or verb class
4.
Same syllable structure
5.
Same type of consonants (only in some languages)
6.
Same surface tone before and after the tone in contrast
How many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone
heights) are there?
In the following words, there are 3 phonetic tone heights, but
only 2 contrastive heights in the analogous environment of
the second syllable.
CHUMBURUNG Ghana
[ 2 2 3]
[2 3 3]
[4 4 p]
kʊ–t͡ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’
kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’
kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’
If instead ‘breast’ had the follow tone, it would be a third
contrastive height.
[2 4 3]
*kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’
Contrast in Analogous Environments for Segments
kaβɪk
‘rain’
ŋaɽa
‘glass’
1.
The words differ in meaning
2.
Differ in sound at same beginning position of the word
3.
The difference in sound between [-aβɪk] and [-aɽa] cannot cause the sound difference between
/k/ and /ŋ/.
So, /k/ and /ŋ/ have Contrast in Analogous Environments.
They are both segment phonemes.
Contrast in Analogous Environments for Tones
[ 2 2 3]
[2 3 3]
kʊ–t͡ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’
kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’
L
M
1.
The words differ in meaning
2.
Differ in tone at the same position of the word
3.
The other differences in sound between the words cannot cause the
L and M tone difference for the syllables /t͡ʃɔ/ and /sɪ/.
So, L tone on /t͡ʃɔ/ and M tone on /sɪ/ have Contrast in Analogous Environments.
They are both from different underlying tone phonemes. (However, M tone is an allophone of H
tone.)
Exercise 1: In the following words, how many underlying level tone
phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there?
‘BELI Sudan words said by themsevles
[2 a]
[2 3]
[2 4]
m͡bala ‘song’
g͡bɛt̪ɪ
‘child’
kabɪ
‘roof’
Exercise 1: In the following words, how many underlying level tone
phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there?
‘BELI Sudan words said by themselves
[2 a]
[2 3]
[2 4]
m͡bala ‘song’
g͡bɛt̪ɪ
‘child’
kabɪ
‘roof’
There are 3 phonetic pitches, and 3 contrastive heights in the
analogous environment of the second syllable. (However, L
falling tone is an allophone of Low tone.)
Class Assignmentː
1. Say how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there
are in Yoruba. Give the evidence.
Reading Assignment
Tone Analysis for Field Linguists (2.3) pg. 29-33