Transcript modals - Euroakadeemia

MODALS
COULD AND MAY

We can also use could and may to talk
about general permission in the past.
However, we cannot use could or may to
talk about permission for a __________
action in the past.
particular
Instead, we use the correct form of:
BE ALLOWED TO


When I was 10, I could play computer
games when I wanted to.

Yesterday night, I was allowed to go to the
disco.
MODALS OF POSSIBILITY

To talk about present or future possibility,
we use: may, might and could, can.
I might study architecture. (weak
probability)
 I may pass math’s exam.
 He could go to handball match. (weak
probability)


The most common modal verb of
possibility is
MIGHT
We can substitute may, might and could for:
Maybe
Perhaps
Probably
(not modal verbs)
MODALS of ADVICE

To give advice and make
recommendations, we use:
SHOULD
OUGHT TO
Which one of them is less common in
speech?
ought to
HAD BETTER
You’d better not be late, or I’ll be furious!
MODALS of NECESSITY

The verb need (without to) is only used in
negative and interrogative sentences.

Also, we can use don’t have to / doesn’t
have to / didn’t have to for the same
purpose.

In the affirmative, we use __________ to
express necessity.
NEED TO
You needn’t do the exercises, they are not
obligatory.
You need to do the exercises, they are
obligatory.
MODALS of OBLIGATION
To talk about obligation, we use the
modal:
MUST
Or the semi modal:
HAVE TO
I must do my homework every day if I want
to pass this course and go to university.
Everyone has to wear uniform at state
schools in UK.

PERSONAL OR GENERAL
OBLIGATIONS?
MUST
Personal obligations
HAVE TO
general obligations
THE PAST OF MUST...
... IS ...
HAD.
MODAL of PROHIBITION

To express that we are not allowed to do
or to say something, we use:
MUST NOT
MUSTN’T
Smoking is not allowed here.
You mustn’t smoke here.
MODALS of CERTAINTY
When we believe or guess that something
is impossible, we use:
CAN’T
I can’t sing that song for I haven’t heard it
before.

When we make logical deductions that are
possible, we use:
MUST
She must be at home by now, it’s 10 pm.

MODALS + PERFECT INFINITIVES
PAST SITUATIONS

Can’t +have + past participle
We use it to express:
an impossibility in the past.
I can’t have made a good impression for he
hasn’t phoned me yet.

COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Used to suggest an ___________ past
action, even though it is now too late.
alternative
You could have told me about that! I
wouldn’t have asked you about that in
public.

COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE
When we talk about something that was
_________ in the past.
possible
He might/may/could have phoned, but we
don’t know because we were in the
garden.
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
To express a certainty or to make a logical
deduction about the past.

She must have known that I liked him!
SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE
To give an ________ about the past events,
even though it is too late.

I was anxious – he should have called me.
SHOULDN’T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
To express:
regret
or
criticism

You shouldn’t have lied to me!

NEEDN’T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Lack of necessity or obligation.
I needn’t have made so many pancakes,
nobody’s hungry now.
THANK YOU!