Transcript Past Perfect Form: had + past participle

MODALS
THE NINE BASIC MODALS
Can
Could
Will
Would
Shall
Should
May
Might
Must
MORE: PHRASAL
MODALS (2 OR MORE WORDS)
be able to
have/has to
be going to
used to
have/has got to
be supposed to
ought to
had better
would rather
WHY USE MODALS?

Modals express speakers’ attitudes.

They convey the strength of those attitudes.

For example, modals can express that a speaker
feels something is necessary, advisable,
permissible, possible, or probable.
MODAL
RULES
MODAL RULES
1. Modals do not take inflections [–s in 3rd person
singular, -ing, -ed]
 She might go to the store later today.
 Dad will shop for a new car tomorrow.
 John can run a marathon.
 He should live however he wants.
MODAL RULES
2. Modals are followed immediately by the base
form (simple form) of the verb.
 Mary may finish her book tonight.
 He would drive her to the store, but he’s busy
fixing his new computer.
 She could win the lottery if she bought a ticket.
MODAL RULES
3. Use not to make modal verbs negative.
 We may not arrive to class on time.
 Children must not eat mushrooms.
 He cannot wink with his left eye.
 She could not swim when she was four
years old.
MODAL RULES
4. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past
or future tenses.
✖
She musted work hard on her paper.
✖
He coulded shop until midnight.
✖
He will might go to a concert.
✖
He will may go out on Friday night.
REVIEW: MODAL RULES
 Modals do not take –s (3rd per. singular), -ing,
-ed
 Modals are followed immediately by the base
form (simple form) of the verb.
 Use “not” to make modal verbs negative.
 Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past
or future tenses.
MODAL
MEANINGS
MODAL USAGE/MEANING
USE
MODAL(S)/PHRASAL MODAL(S)
Advisability
should, ought to, had better
Ability - Past
could
Ability - Present
can, be able to
Future Tense
will, shall (formal, British)
Habitual (repeated) Past Action
would, used to
Necessity
must, have/has to, have/has got to(spoken Eng.)
Necessity - Past of Must
had to
Polite Request (I as subject)
May I(formal), Could I, Can I ?(informal)
Possibility (present)
must (strong) -may, might, could (weak)
Possibility (future)
will (strong),should ,may, might, could
Regret (unfulfilled wish)
should have done sth (past)
Willingness
will
DEGREES OF CERTAINTY/POSSIBILITY
He is a teacher.
He must be a teacher.
(100%sure – a fact)
High Certainty
He may be a teacher.
He might be a teacher.
He could be a teacher.
Low Certainty
PRACTICE NOW
Correct the errors:
1. May I borrowed your grammar book?
2. Could you please to turn off the TV?
3. John must goes to bed early tonight.
4. She shouldn’t have wrote this email.
5. I can saw the man in the distance.
6. May you help me?
7. He should of studied harder for the test.
HOMEWORK
AZAR book
Chapter 9: Exercises 2, 15, 23
Chapter 10: Exercises 2, 6, 11