Transcript Parts of Speech

Written Elements
Word:
Phrase:
Clause:
Sentence:
Paragraph:
“Atomic” level of writing
Group of related words
Subject and verb
Independent expression
Unity and coherence
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most susceptible
to such an attack.*
* All examples are quoted or adapted from Richard Wassersug’s “On the
Comparative Palatability of Some Dry-Season Tadpoles from Costa Rica” in
American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 86, No. 1. (Jul., 1971), pp. 101-109.
In conclusion, data presented
here for tadpoles support the
general rule that the most
palatable organisms are those
least vulnerable to predator
attack, while the most
distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an
attack.
In conclusion, data presented
here for tadpoles support the
general rule that the most
palatable organisms are those
least vulnerable to predator
attack, while the most
distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an
attack.
In conclusion, data presented
here for tadpoles support the
general rule that the most
palatable organisms are those
least vulnerable to predator
attack, while the most
distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an
attack.
In conclusion, data presented
here for tadpoles support the
general rule that the most
palatable organisms are those
least vulnerable to predator
attack, while the most
distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an
attack.
In conclusion, data presented
here for tadpoles support the
general rule that the most
palatable organisms are those
least vulnerable to predator
attack, while the most
distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an
attack.
While the most distasteful are
those most susceptible to
such an attack.
In conclusion, data presented
here for tadpoles support the
general rule that the most
palatable organisms are those
least vulnerable to predator
attack, while the most
distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an
attack.
Eight Parts of Speech
Nouns:
Pronouns:
Verbs:
Adjectives:
Adverbs:
Prepositions:
Conjunctions:
Interjections:
Name things, persons, events, concepts
Replace nouns
Express doing or being
Modify nouns or pronouns
Modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs
Relate a noun to rest of sentence
Connect other words
Express emotion directly
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack. Yuck!
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
In conclusion, data presented here for
tadpoles support the general rule that the
most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most
susceptible to such an attack. Yuck!
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Using Nouns
Subject:
Complement:
Object:
Appositive:
Direct address:
Identifies who or what the sentence is about
Says something about the subject
Identifies who or what is acted on
Explains or identifies other nouns
Identifies who or what is being addressed
Noun as subject
Data presented here for tadpoles, figure 1,
support the general rule.
Noun as subject
Data presented here for tadpoles, figure 1,
support the general rule.
Noun as complement
They are the most palatable organisms.
Noun as complement
They are the most palatable organisms.
Noun as object
Data presented here for tadpoles, figure 1,
support the general rule.
Noun as object
Data presented here for tadpoles, figure 1,
support the general rule.
Noun as appositive
Data presented here for tadpoles, figure 1,
support the general rule.
Noun as appositive
Data presented here for tadpoles, figure 1,
support the general rule.
Noun as direct address
Dear Editor:
I am submitting to you my research paper
entitled “On the Comparative Palatability of
Some Dry-Season Tadpoles from Costa
Rica,” for publication in your journal,
American Midland Naturalist…
Noun as direct address
Dear Editor:
I am submitting to you my research paper
entitled “On the Comparative Palatability of
Some Dry-Season Tadpoles from Costa
Rica,” for publication in your journal,
American Midland Naturalist…
Using Pronouns
• Kinds: personal, interrogative, relative,
demonstrative, indefinite, reflexive,
intensive
• Cases: subjective, possessive, objective
Using Verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agreement
Transitive vs. intransitive
Tense
Voice
Mood
Verbals
Agreement
Singular: A tadpole was rinsed in fresh water.
Plural: The tasters were asked to rate the
palatability of each tadpole's skin.
Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive: The palatability of the tadpoles
falls as the temperature of the water rises.
Transitive: The palatability of the tadpoles
falls as we raise the temperature of the
water.
Verb Tense
Present: The tasters place the tadpoles into their mouths.
Past: The tasters placed ...
Future: The tasters will place …
Perfect: The tasters have placed ...
Past perfect: The tasters had placed ...
Future perfect: The tasters will have placed ...
Verb Voice
Active: We directed the participants not to
swallow the tadpoles.
Passive: The participants were directed not to
swallow the tadpoles.
Verb Mood
Indicative: The tasters bit firmly and fully into the body of
the tadpole.
Imperative: Bite firmly and fully into the body of the
tadpole.
Conditional: The tasters would not experience the full flavor
if they did not bite firmly and fully into the body of the
tadpole.
Verbals
Participle: The standardized tasting procedure included
several steps.
Gerund: The tasters placed the tadpole into their mouths and
held it for 10 to 20 seconds without biting into it.
Infinitive: Participants were directed to rinse their mouths
out at least twice with fresh water before proceeding to the
next tadpole.
Using Adjectives and Adverbs
• Adjectives vs. adverbs
• Positive, comparative, superlative
Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives: The most distasteful tadpole was
clearly Bufo marinus.
Adverbs: The body cavity of tadpoles is
almost entirely occupied by gut in which
tadpoles process large volumes of detritus.
Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs
Positive: Standing water is likely to be
stagnant.
Comparative: Standing water is more likely
to be stagnant.
Superlative: Standing water is most likely to
be stagnant.
Using Conjunctions
• Coordinating (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
• Subordinating (if, because, although, etc.)
• Independent vs. dependent clauses
Coordinating Conjunction
The most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, and the most
distasteful are those most susceptible to
such an attack.
Coordinating Conjunction
The most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, and the most
distasteful are those most susceptible to
such an attack.
Subordinating Conjunction
The most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most susceptible
to such an attack.
Subordinating Conjunction
The most palatable organisms are those least
vulnerable to predator attack, while the
most distasteful are those most susceptible
to such an attack.