Transcript Post-Its with a symbol and an explanation (response, the

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Post-Its
Practice with Gerunds
Appositives
Review Deadlines
Work Time
Post-Its with a symbol and an explanation
(response, the question, etc.):


?
!
...
positive response
negative response
question
strong reaction
need/want more information
• Use Post-Its like a note card in your book to
keep track of characters, symbols and ideas
I love candy.
She threw the penguin a sardine.
Frank adores sprinkles on his ice cream.
Appositives are nouns or pronouns that rename another noun or
pronoun. Appositives are placed directly after the noun or
pronoun they modify.
• Bob’s car, a wreck, died a grisly death by the
side of the interstate.
• Spot, a cat, should understand my moods.
• She, my friend, is always late.
I love the restaurant, Noodles.
Some appositives are essential to the
meaning of the sentence; others are not.
Be sure to use commas carefully to
establish meaning with essential and
nonessential appositives.
• Do you know my friend Bill?
– Is Bill the friend or is the speaker talking to
Bill?
• Do you know my friend, Bill?
Appositives phrases are nouns or pronouns
with modifiers. Appositive phrases provide
additional information and description to the
sentence. As with solitary appositives,
appositive phrases are placed near the noun
or pronoun they describe.
• Columbia University, the second-largest land-owner in New
York City, is part of the Ivy League.
• David Prowse, the guy in the Darth Vader suit in the Star Wars
movie, did not find out that his lines were going to be dubbed
over by James Earl Jones until he saw the screening of the
movie.
Appositive: A word, phrase or clause that means the same thing as (i.e.,
synonym) or further explains another noun (pronoun).
Non-restrictive appositives are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Restrictive appositives are essential to the meaning of the sentence.
1. NON-RESTRICTIVE:
• The Grand Canyon, one of our nation's most popular tourist attractions,
is breathtaking to behold.
– Because we have identified the place by name, the rest is additional information.
It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could take it out and the meaning
would not change.
• Neil Armstrong, the first man who walked on the moon, is a native of
Ohio.
– Because we have identified the person by name, the additional information is not
restricted to the sentence. It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could
take it out and the meaning would not change.
2. RESTRICTIVE:
• We students are happy with good grades.
– STUDENTS identify who WE [subj.] are. If we remove it, WE does not have the
same meaning.
• Her husband, Fritz, is a nice guy.
– We assume she has only one husband. Thus,
commas are used.
• Evan's friend John cheated on the test.
– EVAN has more than one friend; therefore, no
commas are used to set off JOHN. We need
the name to know which friend we're talking
about.
• The firm chose Mary, vice president of public
affairs, as its chief executive officer.
– Because we have identified the person by name, her
title is additional information. It can be set off by
commas. In other words, we could take it out and the
meaning would not change.
• She waited patiently for the famous author
Stephen King.
– STEPHEN KING identifies which famous author.
There is no comma after AUTHOR because there are
many famous authors.