Transcript Business English At Work, 3/e

Chapter 15
Conjunctions
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Business English at Work, 3/e
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Identify conjunctions.
Identify types of clauses and sentences.
Use coordinating and correlative
conjunctions correctly.
Use subordinating conjunctions and
conjunctive adverbs correctly.
Use correct punctuation in sentences
containing coordinating, correlative, or
subordinating conjunctions or conjunctive
adverbs.
PP 15-1a
Objectives
continued
Identify correct parallel structure in
sentences.
Distinguish between conjunctions and
prepositions.
Use commonly confused conjunction
expressions correctly.
PP 15-1b
Independent Clauses
An independent clause (or main clause) can
stand alone as a complete sentence. A clause
has a complete subject and predicate.
Proper nutrition helps stabilize your moods.
Stress is emotional tension caused by everyday
events in our lives.
PP 15-2
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause (or subordinate clause)
also contains a subject and a predicate; however,
a dependent clause is not a complete sentence
and cannot stand alone.
A dependent clause requires an independent
clause to make sense.
A dependent clause may appear before or after
an independent clause.
PP 15-3a
Dependent Clause
continued
Examples
Before Vivian leaves work for the day, she
organizes her desk.
Judi answers her e-mail after she returns her
phone calls.
PP 15-3b
Types of Sentences
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-Complex
PP 15-4
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence consists of one complete
subject and one complete predicate. The
subject, the predicate, or both may be
compound.
Audrey had a demanding day at work.
Audrey and Bruce work in the same office.
Audrey and Bruce live and work in San Diego.
PP 15-5
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two simple
independent clauses connected by a conjunction
such as or, and, nor, or but.
Audrey had a demanding day at work, but she is
looking forward to having dinner with friends.
Anger is meant to intimidate other people, and
this often appears to be true.
PP 15-6
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent
clause and one or more dependent clauses.
If you have been a victim in the downsizing of a
company, you have experienced stress.
Although the company reorganized, Julie
retained her position in accounting.
PP 15-7
Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence contains more
than one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
Relaxation techniques help reverse coronary
disease; however, since this beneficial health
information is not widely publicized, not all doctors
know about this philosophy of health care.
PP 15-8
Coordinating Conjunctions
Join words, phrases, or clauses that are equal in
grammatical construction and importance.
and
or
but
nor
Insert a comma before a coordinating conjunction
that separates two independent clauses.
PP 15-9a
Coordinating Conjunctions
continued
Use but to express a contrasting idea.
Home-based business owners usually enjoy their work,
but they can become the victims of burnout.
Use and to show an addition.
Your thoughts and reactions to events can influence
your health.
Use or to indicate a choice.
Lee copes with stress by relaxing or by making jokes
about difficult situations.
PP 15-9b
Coordinating Conjunctions
continued
Use nor to make a second choice negative.
Liz and Tony did not agree on the topics for the stress
management workshop, nor did they agree on the
speakers.
PP 15-9c
Coordinating Conjunctions
continued
Do not use a comma before a coordinating
conjunction that links two words or phrases.
Relaxation can inject happiness and fulfillment into your
daily routine.
Do not use a comma before a conjunction if
the material following the conjunction is not a
complete sentence.
Losing your temper may get attention but usually makes
the situation worse.
PP 15-9d
Coordinating Conjunctions
continued
Use commas to separate three or more words,
phrases, or clauses in a series.
Include a comma before the coordinating
conjunction.
Ways to reduce stress include yoga, meditation, and
exercise.
Do not place a comma after the last item in a
series.
Joanne usually chooses soup, salad, or a pasta dish for
lunch.
PP 15-9e
Correlative Conjunctions
Join words, phrases, and sentences of equal
importance.
Appear in pairs, and both parts receive the same
attention.
both/and
either/or
whether/or
neither/nor
not only/but also
PP 15-10a
Correlative Conjunctions
continued
Examples
Either Bernice or Lauren determines the work
schedule.
The speaker not only described the benefits of
laughter but also related some personal stories
to illustrate her point.
PP 15-10b
Subordinating Conjunctions
Introduce a dependent clause and link it to an
independent clause.
Use a subordinating conjunction to introduce a
dependent clause.
Place the comma after a dependent clause
that begins a sentence.
Whenever Lynn has a break, she takes a walk
around the block.
PP 15-11a
Subordinating Conjunctions
continued
Generally, do not use a comma before a
dependent clause that appears at the end
of a sentence.
Our company hired Jack because he has
strong conflict resolution skills.
PP 15-11b
Conjunctive Adverbs
Show the relationship between two independent
clauses of equal weight. The words are adverbs,
but they also function as connectors.
Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb when
it joins two independent clauses.
Use a comma after a conjunctive adverb of two or
more syllables.
PP 15-12a
Conjunctive Adverbs
continued
consequently furthermore
hence
however
indeed
instead
likewise
moreover
nevertheless
otherwise
similarly
still
therefore
thus
PP 15-12b
Conjunctive Adverbs
continued
Examples
Exercise can reduce lower-back pain; nevertheless,
you should see a doctor before beginning an exercise
program.
Chris and I planned to eat lunch together; instead, I
ate a sandwich at my desk.
I felt isolated and stressed working at home;
therefore, I requested a transfer to a local branch
office.
PP 15-12c
Parallelism
Parallelism is the linking together of similar
grammatical parts in a sentence.
To have parallel sentence structure, similar
constructions should be connected such as nouns to
other nouns, verbs to other verbs, or clauses to other
clauses.
Coordinating conjunctions or correlative conjunctions
join these parallel parts of a sentence.
PP 15-13a
Parallelism
continued
Examples
Relaxation can include reading for pleasure,
playing with your child, or participating in sports
activities.
One way to fight stress is to discuss your problems
with either a friend or a relative.
You can calm both your mind and your body by
thinking positive thoughts.
PP 15-13b
Conjunctions and Prepositions
Determine the appropriate function of a word
in a sentence. Some words may be both
prepositions and conjunctions; for example,
before, after, until, for, than, and since.
Use a conjunction to connect clauses.
She will not load the software until she finishes the
report.
Rick always arrives at work after he drops off his
children at school.
PP 15-14a
Conjunctions and Prepositions
continued
Use a preposition when an object is
expressed or understood; conjunctions do
not have objects.
She will not load the software until Friday.
Rick always arrives at work after 9 p.m.
PP 15-14b
Try To, Be Sure To, Go To
Do not use expressions such as try and, go
and, and be sure and when the infinitive form
is needed. Use try to, go to, and be sure to.
I would like to try to determine my own work
schedule this week.
Be sure to call me when you want to take a
break.
PP 15-15
As, As if, As Though, Like
Use the conjunctions as, as if, or as
though to introduce a subordinate clause.
The clause will have a verb in it.
Linda acts as if she is overworked.
Use the preposition like to introduce a
prepositional phrase. The prepositional
phrase will not contain a verb.
Katherine wants a consulting job like mine.
PP 15-16
As . . . As, So . . . As
Use as . . . as in positive comparisons.
Karen is as effective as Joe in handling irate
customers.
Use so . . . as in negative comparisons.
Karen is not so effective as Joe in handling
irate customers.
Do not use equally as, which is a redundant
phrase.
PP 15-17
Where, That
Do not use the conjunction where instead of
that to introduce a clause that includes a
reference to a location.
I read in a magazine that thinking about past
mistakes causes stress. (Do not use I read in a
magazine where . . . .)
PP 15-18