Transcript The Magic Lens - X

The Magic Lens
Level One: The Eight Parts of Speech
ADVERBS
ADVERB (adv.)
 A word that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
adv
adv
V
adj
Adverbs
 Please notice that adverbs modify
three kinds of words that adjectives do
not modify.
Queequeg swam slowly.
Ahab is too tall.
He and she swim well.
The Crayola Syndrome
 In using modifiers (adj. and adv.), you should
ask yourself if you are using too many.
Are you saying, “bright yellowy green” when you
mean chartreuse?
Are you writing “light blue sky” when you mean
azure?
Very, very, very weak
 Sometimes a modifier will backfire,
especially when it is overused. One
example is the adverb very.
 Omit the verys, and let the adjective
stand out strong and clear.
weak
Veryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryvery
Veryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryvery
Veryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryvery
veryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryvery
Adverbs in Herman Melville’s
Moby Dick
 In his 1851 novel Moby Dick, about Captain Ahab
and the white whale, Herman Melville used adverbs
to modify his verbs, giving an expanded sense of
action and event. We see adverbs such as ere,
diabolically, anomalously, irrevocably, jocularly, fain,
aesthetically, vivaciously, and sagaciously.
 Do you know all of these adverbs?
 Which one do you like best?
The Magic Lens
Level One: The Eight Parts of Speech
PREPOSITIONS
Preposition
 A word that shows the relationship
between its object and another word in
the sentence.
prep
adj
N
Preposition
 Prepositions show relationships of time
(before, during, after), space (in, on,
beside, around), and direction (to, from,
toward).
 In other words, prepositions show where
two things are located, compared to each
other.
Preposition
 To use the wrong preposition is to completely
alter the meaning of the idea by changing the
relationship between things: would you rather
there be a thousand-dollar check for you, or a
thousand-dollar check from you?
 Prepositions are called pre positions because
they come at the beginning of a prepositional
phrase; they have the PRE position in the
phrase: in the boat, on the dock, around Venus.
somewhere, over the rainbow
another word in the sentence
preposition
its object
The Magic Lens
Level One: The Eight Parts of Speech
CONJUNCTION
CONJUNCTION (conj.)
 A word that joins two words or two groups of
words.
 Conjunctions conjoin: A conjunction is a word
that joins (junct) two words or two groups of
words (such as two phrases or clauses)
together (con). Hamlet and Ophelia were here
or there, but we were and were not.
Coordinating Conjunctions
 Coordinating Conjunctions co-ordinate:
Coordinating conjunctions join equals; they are
conjunctions that coordinate (join two words or
groups of words of similar (co) importance).
 It is essential that you have the coordinating
conjunctions memorized, because you need to
know them in order to identify and punctuate
compound sentences.
Coordinating Conjunctions
and
but
or
nor
for
so
yet
Subordinating Conjunctions
 Subordinating conjunctions subordinate: they
join unequals; they are conjunctions that
subordinate; they join something of lesser
importance to something of greater importance.
 Examples: as, since, when, because, and
many others.
Conjunctions
Think of it this way: In engineering we can
draw designs for joining things together, but
we can join them in different ways, and for
different purposes. For example, we might
use a fixed joint, or we might use a hinge.
Either option gives us a joint, but they are
not the same.
Conjunctions
 Conjunctions are like this. A coordinating conjunction
co-orders what it joins, and a subordinating conjunction
sub-orders what it joins.
 A good example is the difference between a compound
sentence joined by a coordinating conjunction and a
complex sentence joined by a subordinating conjunction.
In “Dickens had one idea, and his wife had another,” both
ideas are important, but in “Dickens went to America
when he had the chance,” the second idea helps support
the first.
 In using conjunctions, it is necessary to use the right one,
the one that agrees with the truth of the idea.
Correlative Conjunctions
The correlative conjunctions are
the multiple-word conjunctions,
such as either/or and neither/nor.
Either you or I will arrive.
Conjunctive Adverbs
 Conjunctive adverbs are conjunctions that
act both as adverbs and as conjunctions.
 These include words that are commonly
used to begin clauses, such as however,
furthermore, moreover, nevertheless,
accordingly, and therefore.
memorize
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
if, as, since, when, because, . . .
The Magic Lens
Level One: The Eight Parts of Speech
INTERJECTION
INTERJECTION
 A word that shows emotion but has no
grammatical function.
 Interjections are the Batman words -words that fill the pages of the action in
comic books.
 Examples of interjections are oh, ugh,
oof, wow, yes, no, oops.
Interjection
 All the other parts of speech participate in
relationships with other parts of speech . . .
Only the interjection stands alone, thrown
splat! into the sentence.