Transcript Document

Reflexivity and Causation:
A Study of the Vector ghe (TAKE)
in Marathi
Renuka Ozarkar
University of Mumbai
[email protected]
1. mii rameS-kaDuun aambe
paaD-uun
I
Ramesh-from mangoes drop-CP
ghet-l-e
TAKE-perf-3p.pl.musc.
I got the mangoes dropped by Ramesh.
2. panCam-ne
he gaaNe giitaa-kaDuun
Pancham-ERG this song Geeta-from
gaaw-uun ghet-l-e
sing-CP TAKE-3p.sing.neut.
I got this song sung by Geeta.
Synthetic causatives in Marathi:
i. Internal consonant change
phaaT-Ne (to get torn) : phaaD-Ne (to tear)
ii. Internal vowel change
mar-Ne (to die) : maar-Ne (to kill)
iii. Internal consonant and vowel change
phuT-Ne (to burst) : phoD-Ne (to burst trans.)
iv. Suffixation, i.e. adding –aw suffix to the root:
has-Ne (to laugh) : has-aw-Ne (to make laugh)
v. Suppletives
dzaa-Ne (to go): paaTh-aw-Ne (to send)
vi. Labiles
ughaD-Ne, ukaL-Ne, ukaD-Ne, moD-Ne
Analytic causatives in Marathi:
i. laaw (lit. attach, apply):
gaaNe gaay-laa laaw-Ne
ii. bhaag paaD-Ne:
gaaNe gaay-laa bhaag paaD-Ne
iii. de-Ne (give) : (permissive construction)
gaaNe gaa-uu de-Ne
iv. ghe-Ne (take):
3. aaii-ne raam-kaDuun gaaNe gaa-uun
mother-ERG Ram-from song sing-CP
ghet-l-e
TAKE-perf-3p.sing.neut.
Mother got a song sung by Ram.
Internal change
-aw suffixation
(base
transitives)
Unaccusative
verbs
√
√
Unergative
verbs
X
√
Transitive
verbs
X
X
ghe vector
ghe causative
Unaccusatives
X
X
Base transtives of
unaccusatives
√
√
-aw causatives of
unaccusatives
√
√
Unergatives
√
X
-aw causatives of
unergatives
√
X
Transitives
√
√
Direct causation:
4. a) baaL dzhop-l-e
child sleep-perf-3p.sing.neut.
The child slept.
b) aaii-ne
baaLaa-laa dzhop-aw-l-e
mother-ERG child-ACC sleep-caus.-perf-3p.sig.neut.
The mother made the child sleep.
c) */ ? aaii-ne
raam-kaDun baaLaa-laa
mother-ERG Ram-from child-ACC
dzhop-aw-l-e
sleep-caus.-perf-3p.sing.neut.
The mother made the child sleep through Ram.
‘Indirect’ causation:
5. a) baaii-ne kapaDe dhut-l-e
maid-ERG clothes wash-perf-3p.pl.musc.
The maid washed the clothes.
(b) siimaa-ne (baaii-kaDun) kapaDe
Seema-ERG maid-from
clothes
dhuw-uun ghet-l-e
wash-CP TAKE-perf-3p.pl.musc.
Seema got the clothes washed by the maid.
Structure of unaccusative verbs
procP
DP
candle
DP
<candle>
resP
proc
extinguish
res
extinguish
-aw causation of unaccusative verbs
initP
DP
Seema
procP
DP
candle
resP
DP
<candle>
init
-aw
proc
extinguish
res
extinguish
Structure of unergative verbs
initP
DP
Seema
DP
<Seema>
procP
init
sit
proc
<sit>
-aw causation of unergative verbs
initP
DP
Seema
DP
<Seema>
procP
init
-aw
proc
sit
Structure of transitive verbs
initP
DP
Seema
procP
DP
clothes
resP
DP
<clothes>
init
wash
proc
<wash>
res
<wash>
ghe compound verb & causative construction
initP
DP
Seema
procP
DP
clothes
resP
DP
<clothes>
init
TAKE
proc
<TAKE>
res
wash
6. raam-ne (madzuraan-kaDuun) dzhaaDe
Ram-ERG labourers-from
trees
toD-uun
ghet-l-ii
break.trans-CP TAKE-perf-3p.pl.neut
Ram got the trees cut by the labourers.
7. aaii-ne
(raam-kaDun) bhintii-war aarsaa
Mother-ERG Ram-from
wall-on
mirror
bas-aw-uun ghet-l-aa
sit-caus-CP TAKE-perf-3p.sing.musc.
The mother made Ram fix a mirror on the wall.
8.a) siimaa muddaam caTai-war bas-l-ii
Seema deliberately mat-on sit-perf3p.sing.fem.
Seema sat on the mat deliberately.
b) *aarsaa muddaam bhintii-war bas-l-aa
mirror deliberately wall-on sit-perf3p.sing.musc.
The mirror sat/ fitted on the wall
deliberately.
c) *aaii-ne
raam-kaDun siimaa-laa caTai-war
mother-ERG Ram-from Seema-ACC mat-on
bas-aw-uun ghet-l-a
sit-caus.CP TAKE-perf-3p.sing.neut.
The mother made Seema sit on the mat through Ram.
Conditions for ghe causative:
1) The non-causative verb must have identified the
init feature, which will be subsequently
underassociated. In other words, the INITIATOR
argument must be present.
2.A) The INITIATOR and UNDERGOER
arguments must be distinct entities.
2.B) The UNDERGOER argument must not have
initiational properties such as volition or control
over the activity that it is undergoing.
No.
Verbs
1. Unaccusatives
1
X
2A 2B ghe vector ghe causation
X
√
X
X
√
√
√
√
√
3.
Transitive of
unaccusative
-aw unaccusa.
√
√
√
√
√
4.
Unergatives
√
X
X
√
X
5.
-aw unergative
√
√
X
√
X
6.
-aw unergative
√
√
√
√
√
7.
Transitive
√
√
√
√
√
8.
ukaLNe type
intransitives
X
X
√
X
X
9.
ukaLNe type
transitives
√
√
√
√
√
2.
But…
9) *aaii-ne baabaan-kaDun raam-laa
mother-ERG father-from Ram-ACC
cop-uun ghet-l-e
beat-CP TAKE-perf-3p.sing.neut.
The mother got Ram beaten by the father.
10. aapaN tiCyaa-kaDuun yaaCii tayaarii
we she-from
his(prox) preparation
karuun ghe-uu
do-CP TAKE-fut.-1p.pl
We will get this one prepared by her.
11. aaii-ne
madZhyaa-kaDuun kavitaa
mother-ERG me-from
poems
paaTh mhaN-uun ghet-l-yaa
by-heart say-CP
TAKE-perf-3p.fem.pl.
Mother got the poems sung by heart by me.
References:
Damale, M.K. 1969. Shastriiya Marathi
VyaakaraN. Ed. Krishna Arjunwadkar. Pune:
Deshmukh & Company.
Ramchand, Gillian. 2008. Verb Meaning and
Lexicon: The First Phase Syntax. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Shibatani, M. & P. Pardeshi. 2003.
Wali, Kashi. 2006. Marathi. Indian Institue of
Languages.