Transcript Lecture 12x

English Comprehension and
Composition – Lecture 11
Objectives:
Advanced Sentence Structures
• Parallelism (In detail with Exercises)
• Sentence Fragments
• Run-on Sentences
Parallelism
• We wanted to cook and to go swimming.
We wanted to cook and to swim.
• He is talented, intelligent and has
charm.
He is talented, intelligent and charming.
• Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride
a bicycle.
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding
a bicycle.
Parallel structure means that two
or more ideas in a sentence are
expressed in similar form. And,
but and or usually join similar
terms—two
or
more
nouns,
adjectives, verbs, adverbs, phases
or clauses.
• My ambition is to be a doctor and
to specialize in surgery. (Parallel)
ACTIVITY
1. Mr. Garcia has promised me a good job and to pay
me a fair salary.
2. The manager asked both groups to meet and share
their differences and finally arriving at an
agreement.
3. The magazine contains news, pictures, ads, tell you
where to shop, and feature columns.
4. Tennis, modeling and to read suspense novels took
up most of her time.
5. This is the life –to live, working and cooking
outdoors.
6. Running towards the end zone, he slipped, got up,
and was keeping on going as fast as he could.
7. Let’s go down to the store for a hamburger, donuts
and drinking some coffee or tea.
Sentence Fragments
Every sentence has to have a subject
and a verb in order to be complete. If it
doesn't, it's a fragment. That's easy
enough if you have something like
–Ran into town. (no subject)
–The growling dog. (no verb)
• A fragment may be missing a SUBJECT
Threw the baseball. (Who threw the
baseball?)
• A fragment may be missing a VERB
Mark and his friends. (What about them?)
• A fragment may be missing BOTH
Around the corner. (Who was? What
happened?)
You can correct a fragment by
adding the missing part of speech.
Add a subject: Rob threw the
baseball.
Add a verb: Mark and his friends
laughed.
Add both: A dog ran around the
corner.
Run-on Sentences
Two sentences that the writer has
not separated with an end
punctuation mark, or has not joined
with a conjunction.
Here are three examples of run-ons:
1. Tyler delivered newspapers in the rain he
got very wet.
2. Kevin and his dog went for a walk it was a
beautiful day.
3. On Monday we went outside for recess it
was fun.
There are three ways to
correct a run-on:
1.Add a period and a capital letter.
2.Add a semicolon.
3.Add a comma and a conjunction.
Let’s correct a sentence using a
period and a capital letter.
• Tyler delivered newspapers in the rain
he got very wet. WRONG! RUN-ON!
• Tyler delivered newspapers in the rain.
He got very wet. RIGHT SENTENCE!
Let’s correct a sentence using a
semicolon.
• Kevin and his dog went for a walk it was
a beautiful day. WRONG! RUN-ON!
• Kevin and his dog went for a walk; it
was a beautiful day. RIGHT SENTENCE!
Let’s correct a sentence using a
comma and a conjunction.
• On Monday we went outside for recess
it was fun. WRONG! RUN-ON!
• On Monday we went outside for recess,
and it was fun. RIGHT! SENTENCE!
This presentation
covers
distinguishing
between
parallel and
non-parallel
elements.
Sample Item
Directions: Choose the sentence that has no errors in
structure.
A. Eileen bought new shoes for the party, a gold charm for
her mother, and to treat her best friend Maria to lunch.
B. Eileen decided to buy new shoes for the party,
purchasing a gold charm for her mother, and treating
her best friend Maria to lunch.
C. Eileen purchased new shoes for the party, a gold
charm for her mother, and lunch for Maria, her best
friend.
Items in a series must have
parallel structure.
Parallelism looks like this:
Shane
,
, and
.
Shane
,
, and
.
Here is an example:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burped with contentment.
Ate = past tense
verb; wiped = past
tense verb; and
burped = past tense
verb.
Don’t create problems by mixing grammatical
elements.
Non-parallel structure looks like this:
Shane
,
, and
.
Shane
,
, and
.
The problem looks like this:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burping with contentment.
Ate and wiped = past
tense verbs, but
burping = present
participle!
Quick Test, Part 1
Directions: In the items that follow, choose the
sentence that has no errors in structure.
Let’s see
how you
perform!
Item 1
A. Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and
squawking parakeets greet the pet shop
visitors.
B. Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking
parakeets greet the pet shop visitors.
C. Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and
parakeets squawking greet the pet shop
visitors.
Item 2
A. During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with
Brittney, eating candy, and doodling on the
assignment sheet.
B. During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with
Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling on the
assignment sheet.
C. During class, Samuel spent his time to flirt with
Brittney, to eat candy, and doodling on the
assignment sheet.
Item 3
A. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—
under the bed, on his desk, and he searched
inside the refrigerator.
B. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—
viewing under the bed, searching on his desk,
and inside the refrigerator.
C. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—
under the bed, on his desk, and inside the
refrigerator.
Item 4
A. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
smiled at the customers, and didn’t snack on
the chicken nuggets.
B. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
would be smiling at the customers, and would
not be snacking on the chicken nuggets.
C. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
smiled at the customers, and no snacking on
the chicken nuggets.
Item 5
A. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to
tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and
requests for her math homework.
B. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to
tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on
stupid conversations, and requests for her math
homework.
C. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to
tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid
conversations, and he constantly requested her math
homework.
Quick Test, Part 2
Directions: In the items that follow, choose the
correct word or phrase within the context
suggested by the sentence.
Now try a
different
type!
Item 6
Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic
bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as
he opened the door.
A. simmered tomato sauce in the pan
B. tomato sauce simmering in the pan
C. tomato sauce that simmered in the pan
D. saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan
Item 7
During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope
__________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to
dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs.
A. that we eat delicious seafood
B. that eating delicious seafood occurs
C. to eat delicious seafood
D. eating delicious seafood
Item 8
Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed,
for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a
date; he was tall, intelligent, and __________.
A. he looked good
B. being good looking
C. one handsome man to look at
D. handsome
Item 9
To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for
roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and
__________.
A. bought an expensive gold necklace at the
jewelry store
B. the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace
C. the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold
necklace
D. to buy an expensive gold necklace
Item 10
Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short,
too noisy, and _________.
A. because he picks his teeth with his fingers
B. too impolite
C. is the most impolite man she has ever met
D. Picking his teeth with his fingers
Reference
The material has been adapted from Grammar Bytes!
It provides additional handouts and exercises on
parallel structure. Go to chompchomp.com!
http://chompchomp.com/structure01/structure01.20.b.htm