Transcript Parallelism

Parallelism
This
presentation
explains the
difference
between
parallel and
non-parallel
elements.
Par allelism
 Parallelism refers to matching grammatical structures in
sentences. Elements in a sentence that have the same
function or express similar ideas should be grammatically
parallel, or grammatically matched.
 Parallelism is used effectively as a rhetorical device
throughout literature and in speeches, advertising copy,
and popular songs.
2
Examples of Par allelism
 Winston Churchill did not say
• I have nothing to offer but bleeding, toil, tears,
and sweating.
 He said
• I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears
and sweat.
 Churchill understood parallelism!
3
Examples of Par allelism
 Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.—
Joseph Addison
 Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you
can do for your country.—John F. Kennedy
4
Not Parallel
The housekeeper looked inside the
drawers, the bookcase, and under the
recliner.
Parallel
The housekeeper looked inside the
drawers, on top of the bookcase, and
under the recliner.
5
Not Parallel
The man was lonely, old, and a miser.
Parallel
The man was lonely, old, and miserly.
6
Items in a series must
have par allel str uctur e.
Parallelism looks like this:
Shane
,
, and
.
Shane
,
, and
.
T his is a cor r ect example:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burped with contentment.
Ate = past tense verb;
wiped = past tense
verb; and burped =
past tense verb.
Do n’t c r e ate p r o b le ms b y
mix in g g r a mmatic a l e le me n ts .
Non-parallel structure looks like this:
Shane
,
, and
.
Shane
,
, and
.
Non-par allel str uctur e
looks like this:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burping with contentment.
Now look what you’ve
done! Ate and wiped
= past tense verbs, but
burping = present
participle!
Practice - Par t 1
Directions: In the items that follow, choose
the sentence that has no errors in structure.
Let’s see
how you
perform!
Item 1
A. Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and
squawking parakeets greet the pet shop
visitors.
B. Barking
Barkingdogs,
dogs,meowing
meowing
kittens,
kittens,
andand
squawking
parakeets greet
squawking
parakeets
the pet greet
shop visitors.
the pet shop
C. visitors.
Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and
C. parakeets
Dogs that bark,
squawking
kittensgreet
that meow,
the petand
shop
visitors. squawking greet the pet shop
parakeets
visitors.
Item 2
A. During
Duringclass,
class,Samuel
Samuelspent
spent
hishis
time
time
flirting
flirting
with
Brittney,
with
Brittney,
eatingeating
candy,candy,
and doodling
and doodling
on the on
assignment
the
assignment
sheet.sheet.
B. During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with
Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling on the
assignment sheet.
C. During class, Samuel spent his time to flirt with
Brittney, to eat candy, and doodling on the
assignment sheet.
Item 3
A. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—
under the bed, on his desk, and he searched
inside the refrigerator.
B. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—
viewing under the bed, searching on his desk,
and inside the refrigerator.
C. Alex
Alex looked
lookedeverywhere
everywhereforfor
hishis
math
math
book—
book—
under the
under
thebed,
bed,on
onhis
hisdesk,
desk,
and
and
inside
inside
thethe
refrigerator.
refrigerator.
Item 4
A. The manager
managerwanted
wantedstaff
staffwho
who
arrived
arrived
on on
time,
smiledsmiled
time,
at the customers,
at the customers,
and didn’t
and
snack
didn’t
on
the chicken
snack
on the
nuggets.
chicken nuggets.
B. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
would be smiling at the customers, and would
not be snacking on the chicken nuggets.
C. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
smiled at the customers, and no snacking on
the chicken nuggets.
Item 5
A. After
After giving
givingJeremy
Jeremy
her
her
phone
phone
number,
number,
Felicia
Felicia
had
to tolerate
had
to tolerate
his late
hisnight
latecalls,
nightstupid
calls,conversations,
stupid
and requests for and
conversations,
her math
requests
homework.
for her math
B. homework.
After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had
B. After
to tolerate
givinghis
Jeremy
late night
her phone
calls, the
number,
fact that
Felicia
he had
carried
to
tolerate
on stupid
his lateconversations,
night calls, theand
factrequests
that he for
her math
carried
onhomework.
stupid conversations, and requests for
C. her
Aftermath
giving
homework.
Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had
C. After
to tolerate
givingbeing
Jeremy
woken
her phone
up latenumber,
at night, Felicia
havinghad
stupid
to
tolerate
conversations,
being woken
and
uphe
late
constantly
at night, having
requested
her math
stupid
conversations,
homework. and he constantly requested
her math homework.
Practice - Par t 2
Directions: In the items that follow, choose
the correct word or phrase within the context
suggested by the sentence.
Now try a
different
type!
Item 6
Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic
bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as
he opened the door.
A. simmered tomato sauce in the pan
B. tomato
tomato sauce
saucesimmering
simmering
in in
thethe
pan
pan
C. tomato sauce that simmered in the pan
D. saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan
Item 7
During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope
__________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to
dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs.
A. that we eat delicious seafood
B. that eating delicious seafood occurs
C. to
to eat
eat delicious
deliciousseafood
seafood
D. eating delicious seafood
Item 8
Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed,
for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a
date; he was tall, intelligent, and __________.
A. he looked good
B. being good looking
C. one handsome man to look at
D. handsome
handsome
Item 9
To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for
roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and
__________.
A.bought an expensive gold necklace at the
jewelry store
B.the jeweler
B.the
jewelerfor
foran
anexpensive
expensive
gold
gold
necklace
necklace
C.the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold
necklace
D.to buy an expensive gold necklace
Item 10
Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short,
too noisy, and _________.
A.because he picks his teeth with his fingers
B.too impolite
B.too
impolite
C.is the most impolite man she has ever met
D.Picking his teeth with his fingers
You are AWESOME,
and
you are SMART, and
you are WONDERFUL!
chomp!
(see what that is?)
chomp!
The End.