Transcript My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus

Complete Sentences
• A complete sentence has three components:
– a subject (the actor in the sentence)
– a predicate (the verb or action), and
– a complete thought (it can stand alone and make
sense—it's independent).
If a sentence does
not have these three
components it is a
FRAGMENT!
Run-On Sentences
• When you put two complete sentences (a
subject and its predicate and another subject
and its predicate) together in one sentence
without separating them in any way.
– Example: My favorite Mediterranean spread is
hummus it is very garlicky.
Ways to Correct Run-Ons
• Use a semicolon:
– My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus; it is very
garlicky.
• Use a comma and a conjunction:
– My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, for it is very
garlicky. -OR- My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus,
and it is very garlicky.
– My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus because it is
very garlicky. -OR- Because it is so garlicky, my favorite
Mediterranean spread is hummus.
• Make it into two separate sentences with a period in
between:
– My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus. It is very
garlicky.
• Use a long dash for emphasis:
– My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus—it is very
garlicky.
You CANNOT simply
add a comma between
the two sentences, or
you'll end up with
what's called a "comma
splice.”
Fragments/Run-Ons
1. Although he had been an often decorated soldier during World War II and
had fought many battles for the losing cause of liberalism in Congress.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this sentence.
B. Run-on: put a comma after World War II.
C. Run-on: put a semicolon after World War II.
D. Fragment: put a comma after Congress and finish the sentence.
2. This is going to be the most difficult exam of your college career, you had
better start studying for it immediately.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this sentence.
B. Fragment: put a comma after immediately and finish the sentence.
C. Run-on: replace that comma with a semicolon.
Fragments/Run-Ons
3. She ran.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this
sentence.
B. Fragment: the sentence is too short and needs more
details to be a complete thought.
4.Perplexed by the rising rates of inflation and alarmed by the
decline in major construction projects.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this
sentence.
B. Run-on: put a comma after inflation.
C. Fragment: put a comma after projects and finish the
sentence.
Fragments/Run-Ons
5. Coach Espinoza really wants this job with Notre Dame University, she is very excited
about returning to the college she graduated from.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this sentence.
B. Fragment: put a comma after from and finish the sentence.
C. Run-on: change that comma to a period and start a new sentence.
6. Right after the Christmas holidays and during those three weeks before class begins
in January.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this sentence.
B. Fragment: put a comma after January and finish the sentence.
C. Run-on: put a comma after holidays.
Fragments/Run-Ons
7. Anabel realizes what she is doing, I think, but she doing it anyway.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this sentence.
B. Fragment: we're missing part of a verb.
C. Run-on: change the comma after doing to a semicolon.
8. Professor Pepin spends a lot of time translating medieval texts on
ancient medicine, however, he also stays informed about the latest
developments in modern asthma treatments.
A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this sentence.
B. Fragment: although this is a long sentence, it's missing part of a
verb.
C. Run-on: remove the verb from the second independent clause.
D. Run-on: change the comma after medicine to a semicolon.
Fragments/Run-Ons
Georgia O’Keeffe became one of the best-loved American artists.
A. Fragment
B. Run-On
C. Sentence
Because she had an innovative style.
A. Fragment
B. Run-On
C. Sentence
Works from charcoals to watercolors to pastels.
A. Fragment
B. Run-On
C. Sentence
Fragments/Run-Ons
O’Keeffe, feeling that her creations were personal, kept to herself.
A. Fragment
B. Run-On
C. Sentence
Pulitzer owned the St. Louis Post-Dispatch he purchased the New York World
in 1883.
A. Fragment
B. Run-On
C. Sentence
Pulitzer planned four awards for journalism and four for letters more
categories were added later.
A. Fragment
B. Run-On
C. Sentence
Modifiers
Basic Principle: Modifiers are like teenagers:
they fall in love with whatever they're next to.
Make sure they're next to something they
ought to modify!
Misplaced Modifiers
Some modifiers, especially simple modifiers — only,
just, nearly, barely — have a bad habit of slipping
into the wrong place in a sentence. In the
sentence below, what does it mean to "barely
kick" something?
Confusion
He barely kicked that ball twenty yards.
How do you fix it? Move things in the sentence
around.
Repair
He kicked that ball barely twenty yards.
Misplaced Modifiers
Examples for Correction:
• Big Dog almost ran around the yard
twenty times.
• He nearly ate a whole box of treats.
Misplaced Modifiers
In addition to simple modifiers being in the wrong place,
sometimes an entire phrase can be in the wrong place.
In the sentence below, was the library wearing a
leather jacket?
Confusion
Josh walked to the library wearing a leather jacket.
How do you fix it? Move things in the sentence around.
Repair
Wearing a leather jacket, Josh walked to the library.
Misplaced Modifiers
1. Which of the following sentences has a misplaced modifier?
A. He only talks about changing his habits. [Intended meaning: He
only talks but does nothing else, like consulting a physician or
psychiatrist, about changing his habits.]
B. A dog appeared in my dreams that sang like an angel.
C. The steak on the grill is hers.
D. all of the above E. none of the above
2. Which of the following sentences has a misplaced modifier?
A. The dog bit only the mail carrier. [Intended meaning: The dog bit
the mail carrier but didn't bite anyone else.]
B. He talked too quickly.
C. You should consider your options carefully.
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
Misplaced Modifiers
Identify which sentence is correct.
A. I almost listened to the whole album.
B. I listened to almost the whole album.
A. He was staring at the girl wearing dark glasses by
the vending machine.
B. He was staring at the girl by the vending machine
wearing dark glasses.
Misplaced Modifiers
A. We read that Janet was married in her last letter.
B. In her last letter, we read that Janet was married.
A. The faulty alarm nearly sounded five times
yesterday.
B. The faulty alarm system sounded nearly five times
yesterday.
A. On the evening news, I heard that there was a
revolution.
B. I heard that there was a revolution on the evening
news.
Dangling Modifiers
When a modifier improperly modifies something, it is
called a "dangling modifier.“ In simpler terms, there is
no subject (typically a person) performing the action.
For instance, in the sentence below, we can't have a car
changing its own oil.
Confusion
Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to
run better.
How do you fix it? Add someone performing the action.
Repair
Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he
Dangling Modifiers
1. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier?
A. To raise a good dog, patience is useful.
B. Moving slowly, Bowie stalked the rabbits.
C. After eating the cat food, Bowie belched.
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
2. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier?
A. After washing my car, I waxed it.
B. After talking with our veterinarian, I felt better about the
prognosis.
C. She called her boyfriend because she missed him.
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
Dangling/Misplaced Modifiers
Sleeping soundly, the alarm clock startled me with its harsh ringing.
A. I was sleeping soundly, so the alarm clock startled me with its harsh
ringing.
B. The alarm clock startled me with its harsh ringing, sleeping soundly.
C. Sleeping soundly, the alarm clock with its harsh ringing startled me.
D. No change.
Walking along the beach, a shell cut Harry’s foot.
A. As Harry was walking along the beach, he cut his foot on a shell.
B. A shell cut Harry’s foot, walking along the beach.
C. Walking along the beach, Harry’s foot was cut by a shell.
D. No change
Dangling/Misplaced Modifiers
A story was told to the children with a happy ending.
A. A story was told to the children that ended happily.
B. A story with a happy ending was told to the children.
C. I read the children a story with a happy ending.
D. No change
A holiday was given to the employees with pay.
A. A holiday was given to the paid employees.
B. A holiday with pay was given to the employees.
C. Mr. Bunch gave the employees a holiday with pay.
D. No change
Dangling/Misplaced Modifiers
Hurrying through the last fifty pages, the book was fascinating.
A. The book was fascinating to me, so I hurried.
B. I was fascinated with the book, so I hurried through the last fifty pages.
C. The book was fascinating, hurrying through the last fifty pages.
D. NO CHANGE
Each player on the team will receive a trophy that wins the tournament.
A. Each player on the team that wins the tournament will receive a trophy.
B. The committee will award each player on the team a trophy that wins the
tournament.
C. Each player on the team will receive a trophy that wins the tournament from
the committee.
D. NO CHANGE
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
Basic Principle: A pronoun usually refers to
something earlier in the text (its antecedent) and
must agree in number — singular/plural — with
the thing to which it refers.
The indefinite pronouns either, neither, anyone,
anybody, everyone, everybody, someone,
somebody, no one, and nobody are always
singular.
The need for pronoun-antecedent agreement can
create gender problems.
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
1.A student in that all-women's college should have no
fears about ________ future.
her
their
2.Everybody in this class has completed ________
homework already.
his or her
their
3.No one on this bus seems to know ______ way around
this part of New York City.
their
his or her
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
4. Either the classrooms or the auditorium must have _________ floor
refinished.
their
its
5. Every coat on this rack has outlived _________ usefulness.
its
their
6. Tate George scored in the final two seconds, and the crowd roared
________ approval.
their
its
Pronoun Reference
1. Which of the following contains an error in the reference of a
pronoun?
A. I studied very hard, which ought to help my score.
B. I studied very hard, so this ought to help my score.
C. I studied very hard, so that ought to help my score.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
2. Which of the following contains an error in the reference of a
pronoun?
A. She wrote an essay that attacks my thesis.
B. She attacked my thesis, which provoked my counterattack.
C. She attacked my thesis, which is that Flannery O'Connor was a
racist.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Pronoun Reference
3. Which of the following contains an error in the reference
of a pronoun?
A. My roommate wants to be a linguist, but I like her
anyway.
B. My roommate wants to be a linguist, which really
astounds me since she isn't otherwise a boring person at
all.
C. My roommate wants to be a linguist, so I'm looking for a
new roommate.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Pronoun Reference
4. Which of the following contains an error in the reference
of a pronoun?
A. If he would practice, it would help his game.
B. If students want to improve, they must practice.
C. If he practices, his game will improve.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
5. Which of the following contains an error in the reference
of a pronoun?
A. Until you realize that the character is flawed, the reader
empathizes with him.
B. Until readers realize that the character is flawed, they
empathize with him.
C. Until they realize that the character is flawed, readers
empathize with him.
Pronoun Reference
After reviewing Roy’s painting and Elton’s sculpture, the
judges awarded his work the blue ribbon.
A. Roy’s
C. there
B. their
D. No change
One of the police officers turned in their badge today.
A. his or her
C. they’re
B. there
D. No change
Parallelism
1. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel
construction.
Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and she has an extremely
pleasant personality.
Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and a pleasing personality.
2. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel
construction.
In English class, Tashonda learned to read poems critically and
to appreciate good prose.
In English class, Tashonda learned to read poems critically and
she appreciated good prose.
3. Select the sentence that illustrates
the use of proper parallel
construction.
Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph.
Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph's.
Parallelism
4. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel
construction.
Mr. Nguyen kept his store clean, neat, and he made it
conveniently arranged.
Mr. Nguyen kept his store clean, neat, and conveniently
arranged.
5. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel
construction.
Professor Ali rewarded his students for working hard on the
final project and going beyond the call of duty.
Parallelism
He learned three things: shooting, passing, and
how to dribble.
A. dribbling.
C. dribbling skills.
B. to dribble.
D. No change
Subject/Verb Agreement
Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular
verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs.
Examples:
My brother is a nutritionist.
My sisters are mathematicians.
Subject/Verb Agreement
& Indefinite Pronouns
Anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody,
everybody are always singular and, therefore, require
singular verbs.
• Everyone has done his or her homework.
• Somebody has left her purse.
• Everybody is here
Neither and either are singular and require singular
verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a
sense, to two things.
• Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
• Which shirt do you want for Christmas?
Subject/Verb Agreement
& Indefinite Pronouns
All, some, none — are singular or plural
depending on what they're referring to.
• Some of the beads are missing.
• Some of the water is gone.
• None of you claims responsibility for this
incident?
• None of you claim responsibility for this
incident? Everyone has finished his or her
homework.
Subject/Verb Agreement
• When nor or or is used the subject closer to the
verb determines the number of the verb.
– Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the
house.
– Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the
house.
• Exceptions:
–
–
–
–
The news from the front is bad.
Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
My assets were wiped out in the depression.
The Miami Heat have been looking … ,
Subject/Verb Agreement
1. Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ____ going to have to make a decision.
is
are
2. ____ my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance?
Is
Are
3. Some of the votes __________ to have been miscounted.
seem
seems
4. The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring _____ more than just a nuisance.
are
is
5. Everyone selected to serve on this jury _____ to be willing to give up a lot of time.
have
has
Subject/Verb Agreement
6. Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, _________ a formidable opponent on
the basketball court.
presents
present
7. There _______ to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood.
have
has
8. Some of the grain __________ to be contaminated.
appear
appears
9. Three-quarters of the students __________ against the tuition hike.
is
are
10. Three-quarters of the student body __________ against the tuition hike.
Subject/Verb Agreement
Fossils (is, are) fascinating records of the past.
A. is
B. are
Some ancient animals, such as dinosaurs, (was, were) huge.
A. was
B. were
Fossil hunters (has found, have found) dinosaur remains around
the world.
A. has found
B. have found
Subject/Verb Agreement
Dinosaurs (was fixed, were fixed) in time in a number of
ways.
A. was fixed
B. were fixed
Fossil evidence (shows, show) that many dinosaurs died
in a short period of time.
A. shows
B. show
Subject/Verb Agreement
When pirates captured Cervantes, he is acquiring a
somewhat different form of
education.
A. acquired
B. has acquired
C. had acquired D. No change
Des Moines are the capital of Iowa.
A. is
B. was
C. were
D. No change
Active/Passive Voice
• Verbs are also said to be either active (The
executive committee approved the new policy) or
passive (The new policy was approved by the
executive committee) in voice.
• In the active voice, the subject and verb
relationship is straightforward: the subject is a
be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence
along.
• In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence
is neither a do-er or a be-er, but is acted upon by
some other agent or by something unnamed (The
Active/Passive Voice
1. Before the semester was over, the new nursing
program had been approved by the Curriculum
Committee and the Board of Trustees.
2. With five seconds left in the game, an illegal time-out
was called by one of the players.
3. Later in the day, the employees were informed of
their loss of benefits by the boss herself.
Active/Passive Voice
4. The major points of the lesson were
quickly learned by the class, but they
were also quickly forgotten by them.
5. For several years, Chauncey was raised
by his elderly grandmother.
Active/Passive Voice
6. An unexpected tornado smashed several homes and uprooted trees
in a suburb of Knoxville.
7. I was surprised by the teacher's lack of sympathy.
8. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman.
9. Participants in the survey were asked about their changes in political
affiliation.
10. Tall buildings and mountain roads were avoided by Raoul
because he had such a fear of heights.
Active/Passive Voice
The outside walls were destroyed by a fire.
A. The outside walls of our house were
destroyed by a fire.
B. The outside walls are destroyed by fire.
C. A fire destroyed the outside walls.
D. NO CHANGE
Comparative/Superlative Adjectives
One of the most scariest rides at an amusement park is
the roller coaster.
A. most scary
C. scariest
B. more scary
D. No change
Our candidate gave the most clearest answer.
A. most clear
C. clearest
B. more clear
D. No change
Comparative/Superlative Adjectives
Jamaal’s schedule was tighter than Fred.
A. most tighest
B. more tighter
C. tighest
D. No change
Lazy students in my class are most likeliest to
fail.
A. most likely
B. more likely
C. likeliest
D. No change
Comparative/Superlative Adjectives
The second movie was more funnier than the
first one.
A. less funnier.
C. most funnier.
B. funnier.
D. No change
Double Negatives
You can’t train no dog well unless you are patient and
consistent.
A. cannot train no dog B. can’t train any dog
C. can train no dog
D. No change.
I hadn’t never seen that many dogs in one place.
A. Had not never seen B. Had not seen
C. Had not ever seen D. No change
Sentence Structure
The artist created miniature figurines, and his friend sold them in
his shop.
A. Simple
C. Complex.
B. Compound.
D. Compound-Complex.
When he fell behind on the trail, Stephen wondered if he would
lose sight of his group, but soon he caught up with them
again.
A. Simple
C. Complex.
B. Compound.
D. Compound-Complex.
Sentence Structure
Solada, while mixing up the cookies, began to wonder
what she had done wrong
because the dough looked strange.
A. Simple B. Compound.
C. Complex.
D. Compound-Complex.
The director of the play gave the actors advice.
A. Simple B. Compound.
C. Complex.
D. Compound-Complex.
Sexist Language
Management does not always choose the best man for
the job.
A. woman
B. person
C. sales person D. No change
Are there any salesmen working in this department?
A. saleswomen B. salesman
C. sales people D. No change
Commonly Confused Words
(Can, May) I please be excused now?
A. Can
B. May
Older monuments like the Eiffel Tower and Egypt’s Sphinx often need (a lot,
alot) of care.
A. alot
B. a lot
Lonnie has (all ready, already) gathered enough firewood for the night.
A. all ready
B. already
Commonly Confused Words
Hercules was always (to, too, two) strong for the bad guys.
A. to
B. too
C. two
Please set the books on (your, you’re) desk.
A. your
B. you’re
Alvin Ailey (could of, could have) just dreamed of being a famous
choreographer.
A. could of
B. could have
Commonly Confused Words
It is (a, an) honor to be nominated for student council.
A. a
B. an
He is smarter (than, then) you.
A. than
B. then
We went to the store (than, then) to the school.
A. than
B. then
Commonly Confused Words
The dog chased (its, it’s) tail.
A. its
B. it’s
The dog is made because (its, it’s) locked outside.
A. its
B. it’s
Your book is over (their, there, they’re) on the nightstand.
A. their
B. they’re
C. there
Commonly Confused Words
In the book, (their, there, they’re) looking for lost
treasure.
A. their
B. they’re
C. there
Did you go to the party at (their, there, they’re) house?
A. their
B. they’re
C. there
Commonly Confused Words
Ms. Yu (accepted, excepted) my excuse for being late.
A. accepted
B. excepted
Ailey (accepted, excepted) much praise and countless
compliments for his creativity.
A. accepted
B. excepted
You should (of, have) written sooner.
A. of
B. have