Transcript Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification
Chapter Seven
Advanced Installation
Objectives
• Describe the types and structure of SCSI devices
• Identify default IRQs, I/O addresses, and DMAs
• Explain how Plug-and-Play can be used to assign
configuration to peripheral devices
• Install Linux using a text interface
• Outline the steps used to install Linux from source files
on a hard disk or network server
• Summarize the precautions necessary when installing
Linux on different architectures
• Troubleshoot the installation process
SCSI Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
• Terminator
– Device used to terminate an electrical conduction
medium to absorb the transmitted signal and
prevent signal bounce
• SCSI ID
– Uniquely identifies and prioritizes devices
attached to a SCSI controller
– Also called target ID
SCSI Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
Figure 7-1:
Connecting
SCSI devices
SCSI Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
Table 7-1: Common SCSI standards
SCSI Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
Figure 7-2:
A 50-pin
Centronics
SCSI
connector
Figure 7-3:
A 50-pin
LPT SCSI
connector
SCSI Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
Figure 7-4: A 68-pin LPT SCSI connector
Mainboard Flow Control:
IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses
• The processor of a computer executes processes
in physical memory for devices
– Its time and capacity must be shared among all
devices in the computer, which can be accommodated
in one of two ways:
• Polling
• Interruption
• Interrupt Requests (IRQs)
– Used by the processor to prioritize simultaneous
requests for service from peripheral devices
Mainboard Flow Control:
IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses
Figure 7-5: IRQ priorities
Mainboard Flow Control:
IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses
Table 7-2:
Default IRQ
assignments
Mainboard Flow Control:
IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses
Table 7-3: Default I/O assignments
Mainboard Flow Control:
IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses
Table 7-3 (continued): Default I/O assignments
Mainboard Flow Control:
IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses
Table 7-4: Default DMA assignments
Plug-and-Play
• Plug-and-Play (PnP)
– Process allowing devices automatically to be
assigned required IRQ, I/O address, and DMA
information by the system BIOS
• Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS)
– Memory store on the mainboard used to store
configuration information for use during the boot
process
RAID Configuration
• Fault tolerance
– The measure of downtime a device exhibits in the
event of a failure
• Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
(RAID)
– The process of combining the storage space of
several hard disk drives into one larger logical
storage unit
RAID Configuration
• Spanning
– Type of RAID level 0 that allows SPARC processor
architecture computers
• Disk striping
– Type of RAID 0, which is used to write separate
information to hard disks to speed up access time
• Disk mirroring
– Also known as RAID 1, it consists of two identical hard
disks, which are written to in parallel with the same
information to ensure fault tolerance
RAID Configuration
• Disk Striping with Parity
– RAID level 5
– Most common configuration used today
– Used to write separate information to hard disks
to speed up access time
– Also contains parity information to ensure faulttolerance
RAID Configuration
Figure 7-6: Organization of data on RAID level 5
Advanced Installation Methods
• Installing Linux graphically using a CD-ROM
containing the correct installation files is the most
common and easiest method for installing Linux
• There are other methods for installing Linux that do
not use a graphical interface for the installation, and
may use a different source for the installation files,
such as a:
– Network server
– Local hard disk
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
• Text-based installation
– Installation method that presents interactive
material in a command-line text-based format
rather than a GUI-based interface
• Graphical installation
– Installation method that presents interactive
material in a GUI-based format, rather than a
command-line text-based interface
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-7:
Installation
welcome
screen
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-8: Language Selection screen during a text installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-9: Keyboard selection screen during a text installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-10: Mouse selection screen during a text installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-11:
Partition
configuration
screen during
a graphical
installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-12: Partition configuration screen during a text installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-13:
Boot loader
configuration
screen during
a graphical
installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-14: Choosing a boot loader during a text installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-15: Choosing a boot loader location during a text installation
Text-Based CD-ROM Installation
Figure 7-16: Configuring boot kernel parameters during a text installation
Hard Disk Installation
• ISO images
– Large single files that are exact copies of the information contained
on a CD-ROM
Figure 7-17:
Configuring
boot labels
during a text
installation
Hard Disk Installation
Figure 7-18:
Language
Selection during
a text installation
Hard Disk Installation
Figure 7-19:
Keyboard Selection
during a text
installation using an
installation boot
floppy
Hard Disk Installation
Figure 7-20:
Selecting a method
of installation using
an installation boot
floppy disk
Network-Based Installations
• Network installation
– An installation where the installation source files are
accessed across the network from a network share
• Network installation boot floppy contains common
NIC drivers and allows you to connect to a server
with the appropriate installation files via one of the
following protocols:
– NFS
– FTP
– HTTP
Network Installation Using NFS
• Network File System (NFS)
– Distributed file system developed by Sun
Microsystems
– Allows computers of differing types to access
files shared on the network
Network Installation Using FTP
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– Most common protocol used to transfer files
across the Internet
– Most operating systems come with an FTP client
program
– FTP hosts files differently than NFS does
Network Installation Using HTTP
• If NFS and FTP are not available on the
network, then installation from a Web server
on the network using HTTP is an alternative
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
– Underlying protocol used to transfer information
over the Internet
Installations from Network Clients
Figure 7-21:
Choosing a
network installation
type during a text
installation using a
network installation
boot floppy
Installations from Network Clients
Figure 7-22: Configuring network settings during a text installation
using a network installation boot floppy disk
Installations from Network Clients
Figure 7-23: Entering NFS configuration during a text
installation from a network installation boot floppy disk
Installations from Network Clients
Figure 7-24:
Entering FTP
configuration
during a text
installation from
a network
installation boot
floppy disk
Installations from Network Clients
Figure 7-25:
Entering HTTP
configuration
during a text
installation from
a network
installation boot
floppy disk
Installing Linux on Non-Intel
Architectures
• Some common roles for older hardware that
can be achieved by installing Linux include
but are not limited to:
–
–
–
–
DHCP servers
DNS servers
File and print servers
E-mail servers
Installing Linux on Non-Intel
Architectures
• Some common roles for older hardware that
can be achieved by installing Linux include
but are not limited to (continued):
–
–
–
–
Web servers
Routers
Firewalls
News servers
Installing Linux on Non-Intel
Architectures
Table 7-5: Internet installation resources for different architectures
Installing Linux on Non-Intel
Architectures
• SILO
– Program used to boot Linux on SPARC processor
architecture computers
• ABOOT
– Boot loader for Alpha architecture platforms
Installing Linux on Non-Intel
Architectures
Table 7-6: Common Alpha device labels
Installing Linux on Non-Intel
Architectures
Figure 7-26:
Language
Selection screen
after starting an
installation of
Linux on the
Alpha architecture
Problems Starting the Installation
• You will typically start a Linux installation by booting from a
CD-ROM that contains the appropriate installation files, or a
floppy, which may then connect to a CD-ROM, hard disk, or
network server to get the installation files
– For this to occur, you must ensure that the boot order located in the
BIOS is set to look for an operating system on the floppy or CDROM before it looks to the hard disk
• BIOSes on different computers may be radically different
• To ensure that you are changing the correct setting, consult
the user’s manual for your mainboard
Problems During Installation
• Once the installation program has loaded, you are
prompted for the method of installation
• For those who install Linux graphically, the installation
program must first detect the video card and mouse in
the computer and load the appropriate drivers into
memory
• If after the initial welcome screen, the graphical
installation screens do not appear or appear as scrambled
lines across the computer screen, then the video card is
likely not supported by the mode and resolution of the
graphical installation
Problems During Installation
• Overclocked
– Running a processor at a higher speed than it has
been rated for
• Although an overclocked CPU may lead to
increased performance, it also produces more
heat on the processor and may result in
intermittent computer crashes
Problems After Installation
• Although a Red Hat Linux installation may finish
successfully, you may still have problems if the
installation program did not detect the hardware in the
computer properly or certain programs failed to be
installed
• Installation log file
– Log file created at installation to record actions that occurred or
failed during the installation process
Problems After Installation
• LInux LOader (LILO)
– Program used to boot the Linux OS
• Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)
– Program used to boot the Linux OS
Problems After Installation
Table 7-7: Files commonly found in the /proc directory
Problems After Installation
Table 7-7 (continued): Files commonly found in the /proc directory
Problems After Installation
Table 7-7 (continued): Files commonly found in the /proc directory
Problems After Installation
Figure 7-27:
Information
displayed by
Linux at boot
time
Chapter Summary
• There are many different SCSI standards, which
have been developed since 1986
• Each peripheral device must be configured with an
IRQ and I/O address prior to use, and may
optionally use a DMA channel
• Computers that require fault-tolerance typically
employ SCSI hard disks configured using RAID
• Though Linux is typically installed from CD-ROM
media, it may also be installed using files located on
hard disks, or NFS, FTP, and HTTP servers
Chapter Summary
• Text installations of Linux present the same choices to
the user as graphical installations of Linux
• Installing Linux on non-Intel architectures requires a
solid understanding of the hardware and characteristics
of the architecture
• Unsupported video cards, overclocked CPUs, PnP
support, and improper RAM settings may cause an
installation to fail
• The /proc directory contains information regarding
detected hardware on the system and is useful when
verifying whether an installation was successful