Transcript device special files

Guide to Operating Systems,
th
5 Edition
Chapter 6
Configuring Input and Output
Devices
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
• Understand how OSs interface with input and
output devices
• Explain the need for device drivers and install
devices and drivers
• Describe popular input device technologies
• Discuss the types of printers and install printers
• Explain display adapter technologies
• Install circuit boards for new devices
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OSs and Devices: An Overview
• A primary function of any OS is to provide basic I/O
support for application software
– To translate requests from software into commands
that the hardware can understand and carry out
• Two ways an OS does this:
– Through software (device drivers)
– Through hardware controlled by the OS
• Device drivers perform the communication between
the physical device and OS
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OSs and Devices: An Overview
• Configuration of device drivers and adapters varies
from OS to OS, but they function the same in each
OS
• Setting up or installing I/O devices involves three
general steps:
– Install the device drivers that are required
– Connect the input, output, or storage device
– Turn on the device and follow any configuration
instructions
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Using Device Drivers
• The OS provides basic I/O support for devices but
it doesn’t support specific features of each device
– For specific features to be supported and work
properly, a device driver for the device is needed
• Advantages of using device drivers:
– Only essential code is necessary to build into the OS
kernel for maximum performance
– Use of specific devices does not have to be linked to
a single OS
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Using Device Drivers
• Advantages of using device drivers (cont’d):
– The number of I/O devices can expand to offer the
computer user a broad range of device selections
and features
– New devices can come on the market without
requiring extensive updates to OSs
• You should use the manufacturer’s driver instead
of the one supplied with your OS
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Using Device Drivers
• The procedure to install drivers varies
– If you download a new driver from a manufacturer’s Web
site, you may have to uncompress it
– Microsoft includes built-in zip support
– Some files may be supplied in self-extraction format
(executable file that usually uses an .exe file extension)
– If the file includes a .zip extension, you can open it
directly within the OS or use a stand-alone program
– Mac OS X since version 10.3 Tiger has built-in zip
support
– UNIX/Linux users may retrieve drivers in a tar format
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Using Device Drivers
• Once the driver is located, you generally have 3
options for install:
– Use your OS’s install utility
– Plug and Play (PnP) feature
– The install utility provided by the hardware
manufacturer
• Procedures differ among different OSs and with
different equipment
– General process is very similar
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Manufacturer Driver Installation
• When you use a hardware manufacturer’s
installation utility
– The process is usually fully automated
– Each manufacturer has a different procedure
• Generally, the procedure is to double-click an
installation program or insert a DVD/CD-ROM into
a drive
– Wait for a program to start automatically or run a
setup or install utility
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Windows Driver Installation
• Easiest way to install a driver is to use the PnP
capability to automatically detect new hardware
• Also can use the Add a device wizard in Windows
• A final way is to use Device Manager
– To install a new driver, update an existing one, or roll
back a driver to a previous version
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Windows Driver Installation
• Using PnP to Install a Device and Driver
–
–
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Install any software drivers that are required
Connect the printer to the computer
Plug the printer into a power outlet and turn it on
Follow any configuration instructions
• Windows may try to find the built-in driver for the
device on the Windows distribution disk or
DVD/CD-ROM
• You can insert the manufacturer’s DVD/CD-ROM
into the appropriate drive when the OS asks for it
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Windows Driver Installation
• Using a Windows Wizard to Install a Device/Driver
– Use the Add a device Wizard if:
• Windows doesn’t recognize newly installed hardware
• Want to conduct an installation manually
– In Windows 7 and later versions, open Control Panel
and click Add a device under the Hardware and
Sound category
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Windows Driver Installation
• Using Device Manager to Install or Update a Driver
– Also use Device Manager to:
• Determine the location of device driver files
• Check to make sure a device is working properly
• Determine if there is a resource conflict for a device
– A conflict could occur more than once device is
assigned the same IRQ or I/O address
• Interrupt request (IRQ) line – channel within the
computer that is used for communications with the
CPU
• I/O address range – memory reserved for use by a
particular device
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Windows Driver Installation
Figure 6-1 Device manager in Windows 10
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Windows Driver Installation
Figure 6-3 Viewing the resources used by a device
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Windows Driver Installation
Figure 6-4 Updating or rolling back a driver
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Windows Driver Installation
• When a new I/O device is installed under Windows,
you have the option to make sure the driver has
been verified by Microsoft
• When it has been verified a unique digital signature
is incorporated into that driver (a process called
driver signing)
– In Windows 10, unsigned drivers are not permitted
• Using driver signing helps to ensure that the driver
works properly with the device and in conjunction
with other devices
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UNIX/Linux Driver Installation
• Concept of drivers is a little different in UNIX/Linux
• The central portion of the OS, the kernel, is where
most of the device drivers are loaded
• Drivers are either in the form of:
– Kernel modules – pieces of code that must be linked
into the kernel
– Loadable modules – pieces of code that are not
linked into the kernel, but are loaded when the OS is
started
• Device support in most UNIX/Linux versions is
limited compared to other OSs
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UNIX/Linux Driver Installation
• UNIX/Linux devices are managed through the use of
device special files (contain information about I/O
devices)
• Three types of device special files:
– Block special files – used to manage random access
devices that involve handling blocks of data (hard drives,
DVD/CD-ROM drives)
– Character special files – handle byte-by-byte streams of
data (USB connections such as mice, keyboards,
printers, etc…)
– Named pipes – handling internal communications, such
as redirecting file output to a monitor
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UNIX/Linux Driver Installation
• Device special files are usually stored in the /dev
directory
• If you need to create a device file for a new device,
use the mknod command
• To view the I/O device special files on your system,
use the ls command to see all of the files in the
/dev folder
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UNIX/Linux Driver Installation
Table 6-1 UNIX/Linux device special files
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Mac OS X Driver Installation
• Mac OS X systems come with device drivers for
most hardware
• When you obtain new hardware, follow these
general steps:
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–
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Shut down the OS and turn off the computer
Attach the new hardware
Restart the computer and OS
Insert the DVD/CD-ROM for the hardware
Run the installer program on the DVD/CD-ROM for
that hardware
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Standard Input Devices
• Keyboard is the most important input device
• Other important devices include:
– Mouse and touch pad
– Mouse alternatives, such as trackball, stylus, and
pointing stick
– Touch input has become popular due to iPads,
smartphones, book readers, and tablet touch
screens
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Mouse and Keyboard Drivers
• Mouse and keyboard drivers are highly
standardized across OSs
– It is unlikely you will need to setup these devices
• Wireless mice and keyboards require batteries to
operate, along with a USB receiver (usually shared
by both mouse and keyboard)
– May come with drivers and additional software on
DVD/CD-ROM
• Some OSs include keyboard and mouse
configuration utilities
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Mouse and Keyboard Drivers
Figure 6-5 Keyboard settings in Windows 10
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Mouse and Keyboard Drivers
Figure 6-6 Mac OS X mouse settings
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Touch Input Devices
• Touch Input Drivers –drivers are included in the OS
or preloaded by the computer manufacturer
– Touch Screen controlled by using your fingers
– Multi-touch technology allows you to use multiple
fingers
• Windows 7 (and newer) and Linux/Fedora support
multi-touch capabilities
– Apple has incorporated the touch technology used in
the iPad and iPhone into Mac OS X
• Touch pad is an example of touch input
– Usually found below the keyboard on laptops
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Other Input Devices
• Digital Pads – different kind of mouse
– Used to draw pictures, sign you name, color a
detailed graphic image (tasks that require a high
degree of manual dexterity)
– Uses a USB port and requires special
drivers/installation
– Can range from standard to specialty devices that
include LCD panels that mirror your computer’s
video display
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Other Input Devices
• Scanners – scans text and images to be
manipulated by software
– May also be used with optical character
recognition (OCR) software
– Installation (in Windows) is usually automatic
through PnP
– To get the best performance, install drivers that
shipped with scanner instead of the driver in
Windows
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Other Input Devices
Figure 6-7 Windows Fax and Scan window
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Other Input Devices
• Joysticks, Game Pads, and Other Controllers
– Joystick is more like a mouse instead of a digital pad
• Offers more control than a mouse when it comes to
detailed movements of graphical screen objects
• Specialized joysticks: flight yoke systems, 3D
joysticks, attack joysticks
– Game Pads – designed for interaction with games
and include multiple buttons, wheels or balls
• Some are wireless and programmable
• Sends standard signals to the USB port where the OS
takes data and passes it off to an application program
or customer driver for interpretation
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Other Input Devices
• Digital Sound Input – today’s computer is supplied
with some kind of digital sound card
– May be built into the motherboard or a separate card
– Can connect a microphone to a USB port and record
voice
– Can download custom sounds or music from Internet
sites for use with software applications
– There are multiple audio I/O standards, but most
devices come with a USB port
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Other Input Devices
• Digital Picture and Video Input/Output
– Works similarly to digital audio I/O
– Need a digital I/O interface and drivers to allow your
OS to use the USB device
– In some cases, use a utility supplied by the
manufacturer to import digital images
– Some manufacturers include the ability to link their
hardware drivers directly into editing software
• You can import and export digital files and edit them
from the same application
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Other Input Devices
• 1394 Technology – IEEE 1394 is the original
specification for a high-speed digital interface that
supports data rates at 100, 200, or 400 Mbps
– The newer 1394b standard supports 800 Mbps, 1.6
and 3.2 Gbps
• Enables data transfer over twisted-pair and fiber-optic
cable
– Currently targeted at multimedia peripherals
• FireWire – an IEEE 1394 implementation for bus
communications, is used by Apple Computer and
Texas Instruments
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Printers
• Printer is an important part of nearly every
computer installation
• This section outlines popular types of printers and
printer connections
– Also covers how to install printers
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Printer Types
• Ink-jet printers – create characters by squirting tiny
drops of ink directly onto the page
• Laser printers – use an imaging technology similar
to copiers to produce computer output
– Typical laser printer contains its own CPU and
memory
• Multifunction printers – combine ink-jet or laser
printing, scanning, copying, and faxing into one
physical device
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Printer Types
• Plotter – used in engineering, architecture, and
other fields where hard copy output won’t fit on
standard paper sizes
• Other types available: 3D printers, label printers,
dot-matrix, line printers, thermal-wax transfer
printers, and dye sublimation
• High-speed copiers, printers, and other printing
devices found in a printing shop can now be
connected to a network
– Allows device to receive materials electronically
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Printer Connections
• Most new printers come standard with a USB port
– Many printers support wireless printing
• Many printers have a direct network connection
option that lets you place the printer on a LAN
– If a printer does not include this, you can purchase a
network printer interface from a third party
• More efficient to use a direct network-attached
printer rather than a printer attached to a computer
and configured for sharing on a network
– Network interface is always on, making the printer
always available to network users
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Installing Printers
• Installing Windows Printers – usually installed by
connecting the printer to the computer and letting
PnP initiate the installation
– Can also connect the printer and use Add a device
wizard
– Best approach is to insert the DVD/CD-ROM that
came with the printer and follow the instructions
– If you need to perform a manual installation or to
initiate automatic detection and setup, use the Add a
Printer option through Control Panel
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Installing Printers
• Installing UNIX/Linux Printers
– When a print job is sent from an application, a print
spooler accepts the job and stores it in a print
queue until it can be sent to a printer
– The most common Linux printing system is the
Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)
– Most CUPS configuration files are in /etc/cups
– The CUPS daemon will usually detect directly
connected printers and install it automatically
– For network printers, you can edit the printers.conf
file directly or run the Printers tool in Fedora Linux
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Installing Printers
Figure 6-9 Adding a printer in Linux
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Installing Printers
• Installing Mac OS X Printers
– Most printer drivers are already installed when you
install the OS
– If not, use the DVD/CD-ROM that came with printer
– To set up a printer, use the Printers & Scanners
utility in System Preferences
– You can configure the following types of printers:
• Default
• IP (a network-attached printer that uses Internet
Printing Protocol)
• Windows
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Installing Printers
Figure 6-10 Adding a printer in Mac OS X
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Display Adapters
• Display adapters today have reached a common
ground across OSs and hardware platforms
• The PCIe bus enables high-performance graphics
capabilities
– And is the current standard for most types of add-on
cards
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Basic Display Adapter Technology
• The display adapter is part of a standard computer
package
– Basic display consists of a number of pixels (small
dot of light) both horizontally and vertically
• Bit density – how many pixels can be shown in an
inch of the display
– Referred to as pixels per inch (ppi)
• Major considerations in choosing an adapter are:
– Resolution capabilities, amount of memory included
onboard the adapter, type of video processor, cost
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Basic Display Adapter Technology
• Digital Visual Interface (DVI) – developed as a
very high visual quality standard for flat panel LCD
and digital projectors
• High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) – a
way to connect digital audio/video devices in
televisions and computers
• Display-Port – digital interface standard that is
projected to replace DVI and HDMI
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Installing Display Adapters
• Reasons to upgrade display hardware
– Changes in technology, software, or take advantage
of multiple monitors
• Today, most adapters plug into the PCIe slot on the
motherboard
• Installed in two phases:
– Hardware
– Software
• Installing a display adapter is similar to installing
circuit boards (discussed later in this chapter)
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Sound Cards
• Today, most computers include high-end audio
support
– Sound cards come preinstalled and the OS includes
support for sound input and output
• Two types of sound devices :
– Integrated with the motherboard (onboard)
– Bus cards (installed in a bus slot)
• Onboard sound hardware may be harder to update
or change
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Other Output Devices
• Digital video – let you capture and output digital
video to a camera or DVR
• Multiport sound cards – permit a computer to serve
as a fully digital, multichannel recorder for sound
studio applications
• Most specialty output devices have some software
required to make everything work properly
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Installing Circuit Boards
• Biggest enemy to circuit boards is static electricity
• To avoid damage during installation:
– Leave the card inside its protective cover until you
are ready to install it
– Disconnect all power to the computer
– Prepare the computer by removing the case and any
slot covers
– Touch a grounded part of the computer
– Insert the card into the slot and press it firmly into
place
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Summary
• An OS handles input and output device
communications through device drivers (software)
and hardware
• Device drivers are often provided with an OS, but
the most up-to-date device drivers come directly
form each device manufacturer
• Manufacturer device and device driver installations
typically are performed from a manufacturer’s
DVD/CD-ROM
– Current drivers can also be downloaded from the
manufacturer’s Web site
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Summary
• Installing devices and drivers in Windows can be
done using PnP, the Add a device wizard, Control
Panel options, and Device Manager
• UNIX/Linux systems use device special files for
managing input and output devices
• For Mac OS X devices, most drivers come with the
OS or can be installed from the DVD/CD-ROM that
came with the device
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Summary
• Common input devices include a mouse, keyboard,
touch input, digital pad, scanner, joystick, game
pad, digital sound devices, digital picture devices,
and devices that use 1394 technology
• Most OSs include tools for installing printers, such
as Add Printer Wizard in Windows, printtool in
Fedora Linux, and the Printer Setup Utility in Mac
OS X
• Besides printers, other examples of common
output devices include display adapters and sound
cards
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