Transcript Identifying Security Risks

Guide to Operating Systems
Third Edition
Configuring Input and
Output Devices
Guide to Operating Systems
Third Edition
Objectives
After reading this chapter and completing the
exercises you will be able to:
• Understand how operating systems interface with input
and output devices
• Explain the need for device drivers and install devices
and drivers
• Describe popular input device technologies
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Objectives (continued)
• Discuss the types of printers and install printers
• Explain display adapter technologies
• Install circuit boards for new devices
• Explain the use of sound cards and other output
devices
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Operating Systems
and Devices: An Overview
• The operating system must:
– Handle input from the keyboard, mouse, and other
input devices
– Handle output to the screen, printer, and other
output devices
– Control information storage and retrieval
– Support communications with remote computers
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Operating Systems
and Devices: An Overview
(continued)
• OS accomplishes these tasks:
– through software
– through hardware
• Three general steps:
1. Install any software drivers that are required
2. Install the input or output device
3. Set up the hardware
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Using Device Drivers
• OS provides basic input/output support for the
parallel, serial, bus, or other ports
• Specific features of individual devices are
provided by device drivers
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Using Device Drivers
(continued)
• If you download a new driver you’ll probably
need PKZIP or WINZIP
• PC-executable files use the .exe file extension
– downloaded drivers that include this extension, are a
self-extracting file
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Using Device Drivers
(continued)
• Macintosh users
– can use ZIP-format archives
– more common format is StuffIt
• UNIX system users
– retrieve drivers in a tar format
– StuffIt is also available for some UNIX systems
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Manufacturer Driver
Installation
• Hardware manufacturer’s install utility
– usually fully automatic
– well documented
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Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003 Device and Driver
Installation
• Several installation methods
– PnP capability
– Add/Remove Hardware Wizard or Add Hardware
Wizard
– Specialized icon on Control Panel
– Device Manager
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Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003 Device and Driver
Installation (continued)
• PnP method
– Shut down the OS
– Turn off the power
– Connect the device
– Plug the device into power
– Turn on the computer
– OS automatically installs the drivers
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Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003 Device and Driver
Installation (continued)
• Add/Remove Hardware or Add Hardware
Wizards
– Windows 2000 uses Add/Remove Hardware Wizard
– Windows XP/Server 2003 uses Add hardware Wizard
Control Panel method
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Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003 Device and Driver
Installation (continued)
• Device Manager method:
– Convenient method
– Determine location of device driver files
– Check to make sure a device is working
– Determine if there is a resource conflict
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Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003 Device and Driver
Installation (continued)
• Interrupt request (IRQ):
– communication channel
– communicates with the CPU
• I/O address range
– memory reserved for a particular device
– Device manager shows IRQ lines and any conflicts
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Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003 Device and Driver
Installation (continued)
• Driver signing:
– unique digital signature
– ensures that the driver works properly
– security feature to ensure that there has been no
tampering
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UNIX/Linux Driver
Installation
• Concept of drivers in UNIX
– different from other operating systems
– the kernel is where most device drivers are loaded
• Device special files
– Blocked special files
– Character special files
– Named pipes
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UNIX/Linux Driver
Installation (continued)
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Managing Devices in
NetWare 6.x
• NetWare Loadable Modules
– extend capabilities and services of OS
– hundreds of different modules
– from web server to establishing security
– automatically loaded at boot time
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Managing Devices in
NetWare 6.x (continued)
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Mac OS X Driver Installation
• Mac OS X systems include drivers for
most hardware
• General steps for new hardware installs:
– Shut down OS and turn off computer
– Attach the new hardware
– Restart the computer and OS
– Insert CD-ROM
– Run the installer program
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Standard Input Devices
• Standard and universal input devices:
– keyboard
– mouse
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Mouse and Keyboard
Drivers
• Highly standardized across operating systems
• The mouse and keyboard use special ports
– serial or USB ports
• Windows XP includes a sophisticated keyboard
driver
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Mouse and Keyboard
Drivers (continued)
• Mouse
– pointing device with a ball
– rotates as you move the mouse
– mouse pad
– one, two, or three buttons on top
– moves two potentiometers (variable resistors)
positioned at 90-degree angles to each other
– top-mounted buttons are connected to microswitches
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Other Input Devices
• Specialty input devices for:
– graphics design
– Web page development
– digital photography
– movie or sound editing
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Digital Tablets
• Digital pad or tablet
– a different kind of mouse
– to draw pictures
– sign your name
– color a detailed graphic image
– conduct other tasks that require a high degree of
manual dexterity
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Digital Tablets (continued)
• Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
– same technology used in digital tablets
• Digital pad
– plugs into your computer
– fairly standard hardware to specialty devices
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Scanners
• Scanner
– like a printer in reverse
– an office photocopier that “prints” to your computer
• Optical character recognition (OCR)
– scans each character
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Scanners (continued)
• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
hardware or the USB port
– fast because they use wide data paths
– rely less on the main system CPU
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Joysticks and Game Pads
• Joysticks and game pads
– alternative input devices
• Joystick
– more like a mouse than a digital pad
– offers a lot more control
– used for three-dimensional movement on screen
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Joysticks and Game Pads
(continued)
• Game pads
– come in a wide variety of designs
– designed for interaction with games
– include multiple buttons, wheels, or balls
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Digital Sound Input
• Almost every workstation comes with some
kind of analog sound card
• Add a digital I/O card for:
– editing music
– voice for electronic journalism
– audio for training applications
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Digital Sound Input
(continued)
• Digital audio interfaces plug into the
computer’s internal bus
– PCI
– USB port
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Digital Picture and Video
Input/Output
• Works similarly to digital audio I/O
• Need a digital I/O interface and drivers
• Import digital images into application software
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1394 Technology
• IEEE 1394
– specification for a high-speed digital interface
– supports data communication at 100, 200, or
400 megabits per second
• IEEE 1394b
– communicates at 800 Mbps, 1.6 Gbps, and 3.2
Gbps
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1394 Technology (continued)
• Technology targeted at
– multimedia peripherals
– digital camcorders
– music systems
– digital TVs
– digital video discs (DVDs)
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Printers
• Important part of nearly every computer
installation today
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Printer Types
• The following types of printers are the most
popular today:
– Dot matrix printers
– Ink-jet printers
– Laser printers
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Printer Types (continued)
• Printer designs used in specialized arenas:
– Line printers
– Thermal-wax transfer printers
– Dye sublimation printers
– Imagesetter printers
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Printer Types (continued)
• Plotter
– popular in engineering architecture
– where hard copy output (such as blueprints)
won’t fit on standard paper sizes
– using pen and control mechanisms
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Printer Connections
• Serial port
– connection used initially
• Parallel port
– most common printer connection
– manages communications
– sometimes called a Centronics interface
– 25-pin (DB-25) connector
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Printer Connections
(continued)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
– very popular in today’s printer market
– all printers ship with a USB port
• Older Apple PCs use the Apple Desktop Bus
(ADB)
• Extended Capabilities Port (ECP)
– higher speed bidirectional communication
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Installing Printers
• Operating systems provide one or more ways
to install
• Printing is vital to outputting documents in:
– word processors
– spreadsheets
– graphics programs
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Installing Printers
(continued)
• Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003:
– use PnP
– Add/Remove Hardware Wizard – Windows 2000
– Add Hardware Wizard – Windows XP/Server 2003
– Add Printer Wizard from Control Panel
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Installing Printers
(continued)
• UNIX/Linux
– uses a print queue and print spooler
– first define the printer and queue
– use printtool in Red Hat Enterprise Linux
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Installing Printers
(continued)
• NetWare
– complex process
– use separate utilities
– modern way – use Novell Distributed Print
Services – see Chapter 9
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Installing Printers
(continued)
• Mac OS X
– most print drivers are already installed
– use Printer Setup Utility
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Display Adapters
• AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
– industry wide acceptance
– enables high-performance graphics capabilities
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Basic Display Adapter
Technology
• Basic display
– consists of 640 pixels horizontally and 480 pixels
vertically
• Pixel
– picture element
– small dot of light
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Basic Display Adapter
Technology (continued)
• Top-end display adapters
– 1280 X 1024 pixels
– 1600 X 1280
– 2048 X 1536
• Resolution of 640 X 480
– images are displayed with 640 dots of light from left
to right and 480 dots of light top to bottom
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Basic Display Adapter
Technology (continued)
• Bit depth
– dots of light in an inch of display
– all displays have a bit depth of 72 dots per inch
(dpi
• 640 X 480 is the basic Video Graphics
Array (VGA) resolution
• New PCs ship with 800 X 600 or greater
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Installing Display Adapters
• Reasons for upgrading a display adapter:
– technology changes
– software changes
– personal needs change
• Installing a display adapter bus card is similar
to installing circuit boards
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Sound Cards
• Two general types:
– bus cards
– hardware integrated with the motherboard
• Most sound cards are now built into the
motherboard
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Other Output Devices
• Digital video
– popular consumer and professional computer-based
feature
– adapter cards that let you capture and output digital
video to a camera or VCR are available
• Enhanced sound output is reasonably priced
• Digital audio stream to minidisk or DAT (Digital
Audio Tape) recorders is available
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Installing Circuit Boards
• To avoid damage, use these guidelines:
– Leave the card inside its protective cover
– Disconnect all power to the computer
– Prepare the computer
– Position the card inside its cover, near the computer
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Installing Circuit Boards
(continued)
• To avoid damage, use these guidelines
(continued):
– Touch a grounded part of the computer
– Insert the card carefully
– Press it firmly into place
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Summary
• How an OS handles input and output device
communications
• Most up-to-date drivers from manufacturer
• Installation procedures and configuration wizards
• Installation on Windows, UNIX/Linux, Mac and NetWare
PCs.
• Learned about standard input devices
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Summary (continued)
• Installation of printer was discussed
• Reviewed the common types of printers
• Most operating systems have tools for
installing printers
• Discussed other common output devices
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