Transcript Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1
Technology in Action
Midterm Review
Chapters 1-7
• Becoming Computer Literate
• Crossing the Digital Divide
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
2
Affective Computing
• Computing that
relates to emotion or
tries to influence
emotion
• Emotional-Social
Prosthesis (ESP)
device
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
3
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
• What does it mean to be “computer
literate”?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
4
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
• How does being computer literate make
you a savvy computer user and
consumer?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
5
Technology in Action
Chapter 2
Looking at Computers:
Understanding the Parts
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
6
Computers Are Data
Processing Devices
• A computer’s four major functions:
– Gathers data (users input data)
– Processes data into information
– Outputs data or information
– Stores data and information
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
7
Bits and Bytes:
The Language of Computers
• Bit
– Binary digit
– 0 or 1
• Byte
– 8 bits
• Each letter, number, and character = a
string of eight 0s and 1s
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8
How Much Is a Byte?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
9
Computer Software
• Software: Programs that enable
hardware to perform different tasks
– Application software
– System software
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
10
Computer Software
• Software: Programs that enable
hardware to perform different tasks
– Application software
– System software
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
11
Computer Hardware
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
12
Input Devices
• Devices used to enter information or
instructions into the computer
– Keyboard
– Mouse/
pointing device
– Stylus
– Scanner
– Digital camera
– Microphone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
13
Output Devices
• Send processed data out of the computer
– Monitors
– Printers
• Output devices make:
– Soft copies (video, sounds, control signals)
– Hard copies (print)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
14
Power Controls
• Power-on button: Turns on system,
should not be used to turn it off
• Other options:
– Sleep mode
– Hibernation
– Warm boot
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
15
Storage Media Capabilities
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
16
On the Back
• Ports for peripherals
• Types of ports:
– Serial and parallel
– Audio and video
– USB
– FireWire
– Connectivity
• Ethernet
• Modem
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
17
Inside the System Unit
• Essential
electronic
components used
to process data
• Types of
components:
–
–
–
–
–
Power supply
Hard disk drive
Motherboard
CPU
Expansion cards
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
18
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
•
•
•
•
Referred to as the “brains” of the computer
Controls all functions of the computer
Processes all commands and instructions
Can perform billions of tasks per second
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
19
Memory Module
•
•
•
•
Random access memory (RAM)
Stores instructions and data
Temporary (volatile) storage
Operates in nanoseconds
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
20
Expansion Cards
• Add functions
• Provide new connections for peripheral
devices
• Common types:
– Sound
– Modem
– Video (VGA)
– Network (NIC)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
21
Specialty Computers
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded computers
Personal Computers
Workstations
Personal Information Managers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
22
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
• What exactly is a computer, and what are
its four main functions?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
23
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
• What is the difference between data and
information?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
24
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
• What are bits and bytes, and how are they
measured?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
25
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
• What devices do you use to get data into
the computer?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
26
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
• What devices do you use to get
information out of the computer?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
27
Technology in Action
Chapter 3
Using the Internet:
Making the Most of the Web’s Resources
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Origin of the Internet
• Internet is a network of networks
connecting billions of computers globally
• Developed while U.S. was in midst of Cold
War with Soviet Union
• Created to respond to two concerns:
– Establishing a secure form of military
communications
– Creating a means by which all computers
could communicate
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
29
Origin of the Internet (cont.)
• Evolved from Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
– Vinton Cerf
– Robert Kahn
• First communication occurred in 1969
• World Wide Web is subset of the Internet
– Common protocols enable computers to talk
to each other
– Special links enable navigation
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
30
Wikis
• A Wiki is a type of Web site that allows
users to change content
• Wikipedia uses wiki technology so content
can be updated continually
• Google Docs has wiki-like features
• Wiki technology is incorporated in course
management systems such as Blackboard
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
31
Podcasts
• A podcast is a clip of
audio or video content
broadcast over the
Internet using
compressed files
– Files that come to you
through syndication
– Podcasts are available
in a wide variety of
topics and content
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
32
E-Commerce Safeguards
• Businesses must have some form of
security certification to give customers a
level of comfort
–
–
–
–
Secure logins
URL starts with https://
Padlock icon in toolbar
Green address bar
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
33
Popular Web Browsers
• Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
– Included with Windows
• Mozilla Firefox
– Open source browser gaining popularity
• Safari
– Developed by Apple for Mac OS
• Google Chrome
– Newest browser offers thumbnail access
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
34
Getting Around the Web:
URLs, Hyperlinks, and Other Tools
• Every Web site has a unique address
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Type URL in browser to connect to home
page
• Move around site using hyperlinks
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
35
Parts of URL
URL
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
36
Top-Level Domains
Domain
Name
.biz
Who Can Use the Domain Name
.edu
Businesses
Originally for commercial sites but can be used by
anyone now
Degree-granting institutions
.gov
Local, state, and United States government
.info
Information service providers
.mil
United States military
.com
.name
.net
.org
Individuals
Originally for networking organizations, no longer
restricted
Organizations (often nonprofits)
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
37
Search Engines
• Search engines have three components:
– Spider constantly collects data on the Web
– Search engine organizes the data into large
database
– Search engine software searches indexed
data pulling out relevant information
• Resulting list appears in your Web
browser as list of hits
Copyright © 2013 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as
38
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
1. What is the origin of the Internet?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
39
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
7. What is a Web browser, and what is a
URL and its parts?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
40
Technology in Action
Chapter 4
Application Software:
Programs That Let You Work and Play
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Web Based Applications
• Software as a Service
(SaaS)
• Application is hosted
online
• Made available over
the Internet
• Microsoft Office Web
Apps have fewer tabs
than installed version
Microsoft Web Ap
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
42
Productivity Software for
Home and Office
Programs that enable you to perform tasks
required at home, school, and business
•
•
•
•
•
Word processing
Spreadsheet
Presentation
Database
Personal information manager
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
43
Software Suites
• Group of software programs bundled as a
package
• Cheaper than buying individual programs
• Compatibility between programs
• Share common features, toolbars, menus
• Microsoft Office is standard for proprietary
software suites
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
44
Chapter 4 Summary Questions
1. What’s the difference between application
software and system software?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
45
Chapter 4 Summary Questions
2. What are Web-based applications, and
how do they differ from traditional modes
of software distribution?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
46
Chapter 4 Summary Questions
3. What kinds of applications are included in
productivity software?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
47
Technology in Action
Chapter 5
Using System Software:
The Operating System, Utility Programs,
and File Management
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Real-Time Operating Systems
• Used for machinery that performs a
repetitive series of specific tasks in an
exact amount of time
• Requires minimal user interaction
– Car engines
– Medical devices
– Common appliances
– Robotic cameras
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
49
Operating Systems for Networks,
Servers, and Mainframes
• Multiuser operating system enables more
than one user to access the computer at
one time
• Networks require a multiuser operating
system
• Manage all user requests, ensuring they
do not interfere with each other
• Examples include Windows Server, Linux,
and UNIX
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
50
What the Operating System Does
• Coordinates and directs the flow of data
and information
– Provides a user interface
– Manages the processor, or CPU
– Manages memory and storage
– Manages hardware and peripheral devices
– Provides means for software applications to
work with the CPU
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
51
The User Interface
• Enables user to interact
with the computer
• Types of interfaces
– Command-driven interface
– Menu-driven interface
– Graphical user interface
(GUI)
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
52
Processor Management
• CPU usually is asked to perform several
tasks at once
• OS arranges for execution of all activities
• Assigns a slice of time to each activity
• Switches among processes millions of
times a second
• Appears that everything is happening
seamlessly
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
53
Memory & Storage Management
• OS uses RAM as temporary storage area
for instructions and data
• Processor accesses these instructions and
data from RAM when it needs them
• OS is responsible for coordinating space
allocation in RAM
• Clears item from RAM when processor no
longer needs them
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
54
Common File Name Extensions
Extensio
n
.doc
.docx
.xlsx
.accdb
.pptx
.pdf
Type of Document
Word processing
document
Word processing
document
Spreadsheet
Database
PowerPoint presentation
Portable Document Format
.rtf
Text (Rich Text Format)
.txt
Text
.htm /.html
Hyper Text Markup
Language
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
.jpg
JPEG image
Application
Microsoft Word 2003
Microsoft Word 2007 and 2010
Microsoft Excel 2007 and 2010
Microsoft Access 2007 and 2010
Microsoft PowerPoint 2007 and 2010
Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader
Program that can read text
documents
Program that can read text
documents
Any program that can read HTML
Programs capable of displaying
55
Working with Files
• File-management actions
– Open
– Copy
– Move
– Rename
– Delete
• Recycle Bin (Windows)
• Trash (Mac)
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
56
Chapter 5 Summary Questions
1. What software is included in system
software?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
57
Chapter 5 Summary Questions
2. What are the different kinds of operating
systems?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
58
Chapter 5 Summary Questions
4. How does the operating system provide a
means for users to interact with the
computer?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
59
Technology in Action
Chapter 6
Understanding and Assessing Hardware:
Evaluating Your System
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Hyperthreading and
Multi-Core Processing
• Hyperthreading allows a new set of
instructions to start before previous set has
finished
• Multiple cores used on one CPU chip
enable execution of two sets of instructions
at the same time
• Possible to design CPU to have multiple
cores and hyperthreading
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
61
Front Side Bus
• Connects the processor (CPU) to system
memory
• Throughput of FSB depends on how much
data it transfers per cycle (bytes) and its
clock frequency (Hz)
• The faster the FSB, the faster you get data
to the processor
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
62
Adding RAM
• Motherboard has specific number of
slots for memory cards
• Each slot has limit on amount of RAM it
can hold
• Operating system imposes own RAM
limit
– Windows 7 (32 bit) maximum is 4 GB
– Windows 7 (64 bit) maximum is 192 GB
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
63
Technology in Action
Chapter 7
Networking:
Connecting Computing Devices
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
64
Network Architectures
• Network architecture refers to the design
of a network
• Classified in two ways:
– Manner in which they are controlled
• Peer to peer
• Client server
– Distance between their nodes
• Bus
• Ring
• Star topology
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
65
Networks Based on Distance
• Local area network (LAN) is a network where
nodes are located within small geographic
area
• Wide area network (WAN) is made up of
LANs connected over long distances
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
66
Network Navigation Devices
• Hub
• Router
– Transfers packets between two or more
networks
• Switch
– Receives data packets and sends them to
intended nodes on same network
• Bridge – Connects dissimilar networks
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
67
Broadband Connections
• Broadband is often referred to as high-speed
Internet with data transmission rate of
256 Kbps or greater
– Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses same types of
wiring as standard phone lines
– Cable uses television’s cable service provider
– Fiber-optic service uses plastic or glass cables
– Satellite broadband used in rural and mountain
areas
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
68
Home Network Cabling
• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable
– Most popular cable for Ethernet networks
– Composed of four pairs of wires that are
twisted around each other to reduce electrical
interference
• RJ-45 connectors have contacts for eight
wires
• Cat 6 cable best choice for home networks
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
69
Chapter 7 Summary Questions
1. What is a network, and what are the
advantages/disadvantages of setting up
one?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
70
Chapter 7 Summary Questions
2. What is the difference between a
client/server network and a peer-to-peer
network?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
71
Chapter 7 Summary Questions
4. What are my options for connecting to the
Internet?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
72
Chapter 7 Summary Questions
5. Which type of network is most commonly
found in the home?
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
73