Transcript Essential concepts

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Essential Computer Concepts
Essential Computer Concepts
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Course Objectives
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At the end of the course, you will understand:
• The components of a
computer system
• The different types of
computers
• Personal computer
hardware and its functions
• Peripheral devices
• Hardware and software
used to establish a
network connection
• Internet, e-mail, and
World Wide Web
• System software
• Popular application
software
• Data sharing among
different application
software
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What is a Computer?
A computer is a device that :
• Accepts input
• Processes data
• Stores data
• Produces output
• A computer executes machine instructions.
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How a Computer Works
The data you type into the computer is called
input.
The result of the computer processing your
input is called output.
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What is a Computer?
A Computer System is made up of:
• Hardware—the physical components
(physical body of a human being)
• Software—the programs or lists of
instructions (mind, thought of a human
being, issuing instructions to control the
hardware to work properly)
• Peripherals (optional, not the core)—the
additional components
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How a Computer Works
The hardware,
software, and you
work together to
complete tasks.
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What is a Computer?
Architecture or configuration is the design of
the computer.
As in, what does the computer consist of?
Specification is the technical detail about each
component.
As in, how big is the monitor?
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Types of Computers
The categories of computers are:
• Personal or microcomputers
– Desktop
– Notebook, Laptop, Table PC
• Hand-help or PDAs
• Mainframes
• Supercomputers
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Types of Computers
Personal computers
are used for general
computing tasks
and fit the needs of
most users
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Types of Computers
Hand-held computers fit in the palm of your
hand and run on batteries.
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Types of Computers
Mainframes are used by companies to provide
centralized storage, processing, and
management for large amounts of data.
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Types of Computers
Supercomputers are the
largest and fastest of
computers, and can
process an enormous
volume of data.
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Computer Hardware
Computer hardware includes:
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CPU (processor, microprocessor)
Memory
Storage devices and media
Input devices
Output devices
Communication devices
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Processing Hardware
• The two most important components of personal
computers hardware are CPU (the microprocessor)
and memory. (Together they can be compared to
the brain of a human being.)
• These two factors directly affect the computer’s
price and performance.
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The Microprocessor
• The microprocessor is a silicon chip designed to
manipulate data.
• Its speed is determined by:
– Clock speed
– Word size
– Cache size
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Computer Hardware
• The most important computer function is
data processing.
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the
processing hardware responsible for
executing instructions to process data.
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Memory
Computer memory is a set of storage locations on the
motherboard.
There are four types of memory:
• Random access memory (RAM)
• Virtual memory
• Read-only memory
• Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
memory (CMOS)
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Memory
RAM is temporary memory that is constantly
changing while the computer is on.
Virtual memory is extra memory that
simulates RAM if more is needed.
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Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) is the permanent storage
location for a set of instructions the computer
uses.
CMOS memory is semi-permanent information
about where essential software is stored.
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Processing Hardware
• Computers interpret every signal as “on” or “off.”
• 1 (“on”) and 0 (“off”) are referred to as bits.
• Eight bits is a byte. Each byte represents a unique
character. For example ‘A’ usually consumes 1
byte.
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Data Representation
Storage and memory capacity is the amount of data
the storage device can handle.
• Kilobyte (KB) is about one thousand bytes
• Megabyte (MB) is about one million bytes
• Gigabyte (GB) is about one billion bytes
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Storage Devices
A storage device receives data from RAM and writes
it on a storage medium. Later, it can be read and
sent back to RAM.
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Storage Devices
Data is stored as files.
Executable files tell computers how to perform
specific tasks.
Data files are created by the user, usually with
software.
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Storage Devices
Files are kept on storage devices.
There are:
Magnetic storage devices and
Optical storage devices.
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Storage Devices
Some common
magnetic storage
devices are:
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A floppy disk
Floppy disks
Hard disk drives
Tape drives
Zip drives
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Storage Devices
Some common optical storage devices are:
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CD-ROM drives
DVD drives
CD-R drives
CD-RW drives
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Storage Devices
CD-ROMs are for “read-only” access.
CD-R drives allow you to record data on a CD-R
disk.
CD-RW drives allow you to write data on a CD-RW
disk and access and modify data.
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Computer Hardware
Some input devices are:
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Keyboard
Mouse
Wireless pointer
Touch pad
Track point
Cordless mouse
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Computer Hardware
Output devices are:
Monitors and Printers are common output
devices.
CRT monitors and LCD (or flat panel display)
monitors are two types of monitors.
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Computer Hardware
Factors that influence a
monitor’s quality are:
• Screen Size
• Resolution
• Dot Pitch
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Types of Printers include:
• Laser
• Ink-jet
• Dot Matrix
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Other media devices
• Media devices are generally related to storage,
input and output functionalities.
• Multimedia devices are peripheral devices that
include text, graphics, sound, animation, and
video.
• Speakers and sound cards are common multimedia
output devices
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Data Communications
Data Communications is the
transmission of text, numeric, voice, or
video data from one computer to
another.
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Data Bus
The data bus is the communication
between microprocessor, RAM, and
the peripherals.
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Data Bus
Computer
expansion ports
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Data Bus
USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports replace
numerous connectors with one plug
and port combination. The device you
install must have a USB connector.
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Networks
A network connects one computer to
other computers and peripherals.
In a local area network (LAN),
computers and peripherals are close to
each other.
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Networks
A client/server network is a network
with a file server. A file server acts as
the central storage location.
A network without a file server is a peerto-peer network. All of the computers
are equal.
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Networks
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Networks
Each computer that is part of the network
must have a network interface card and
network software.
Then it becomes a workstation.
Any device connected to the network is called
a node.
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Telecommunications
Telecommunications is communicating over
a telephone. In the telecommunications
process, the modem converts digital signals
to analog signals at the sending site and a
second modem converts them back at the
receiving site.
For example, if you dialup to the Internet
from your home, it is a kind of
telecommuncation.
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Telecommunications
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The Internet
The Internet is the world’s largest
network.
E-mail and the World Wide Web are two
benefits of the Internet.
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The Internet
A hyperlink is a place on a Web page
allowing you to connect to a particular
file.
http://www.course.com/newperspectives
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The Internet
A Web browser is
the communications
software that
allows you to
navigate the
WWW.
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Computer Software
Software is the instructions and data that
direct the computer to accomplish the
task. It can refer to a single program or
a package.
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Software
Software bridges the human beings’ world
and machines’ world.
Two levels
– Operating system software
– Application software
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System Software
System software helps the computer
carry out it s basic operating tasks.
Application software helps the user carry
out a variety of tasks.
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System Software
The operating system controls the I/O or
input/output, the flow of data from
microprocessor to memory to peripherals.
The operating system makes multitasking
possible.
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• If you have a computer, then you must have heard
of operating systems, since you are actually
interacting with them everyday.
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• Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally
comes pre-loaded Windows XP or its variants.
• Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with its
proprietary operating system – MAC OS X.
• Many corporate mainframe servers use the Linux
or UNIX operating systems.
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• The operating system (OS) is the first thing loaded into a
computer’s main memory to be run by CPU and is the
most important program that runs on a computer.
• The "OS" performs basic tasks such as recognizing input
from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen,
keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers.
• It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to deal
with the hardware without having to know all the details of
the hardware.
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Functionalities of Operating System
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Application software
• Built upon system software, application oriented.
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Office 2003 suite (What we will learn!)
Photoshop, photo processing software
Winzip, a tool which can compress your file.
Too many to list
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Office 2003 Application Software
Enables you to perform specific tasks.
Office 2003 suite software includes:
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Document production software
Spreadsheet software
Database management software
Graphics and presentation software
Personal web page development
• An earlier version of Office 2003 is Office XP
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Application Software
Document production software includes word
processing, desktop publishing, and Web
authoring software that assist you in writing
and formatting documents.
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Application Software
It often has grammar and spell-checking, thesaurus,
search and replace, and template features.
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Application Software
With spreadsheet software, you can create formulas that
perform calculations. Spreadsheet software creates
worksheets with columns and rows. The intersection of a
column and row is a cell.
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Application Software
Database management software creates
structured databases to contain information.
Graphics and presentation software allow you
to create illustrations, diagrams, and charts
to be presented or transmitted. Most allow
you to include graphics.
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Application Software
Multimedia authoring software allows
you to record digital sound files, video
files, and animations that can be
included in presentations and other
documents.
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Application Software Integration
Object linking and embedding (OLE) is
the ability to use data from another file,
called the source.
This integration between applications
has become an important skill in
business.
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