Transcript Chapter3HO

Chapter 3
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Overview
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Introduction to Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
Installing Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
Customizing and managing NT Workstation 4.0.
Managing Windows NT Workstation security.
NT boot-up process and creation of a startup disk.
Troubleshooting common Windows NT problems.
Introduction to Windows NT Workstation 4.0
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Features of Windows NT.
Limitations of Windows NT.
Strengths of Windows NT.
Hardware and Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
Features of Windows NT
• Desktop – Windows NT provides a better user interface and
allows users to create a hierarchy of folders and shortcuts.
• File system – NT 4.0 supports the FAT16 and (NTFS4)
• Security - NT’s advanced file system protects files and
folders by assigning permissions to individuals or groups.
• Better Stability - NT 4.0 allows a user to work on different
applications without the risk of data loss
• Memory – The NT virtual memory manager allows more
programs and data in memory.
Features of Windows NT
Software compatibility:
– NT 4.0 runs applications in environments called
subsystems.
– 32-bit Windows applications are the ‘native’ applications
of Windows NT and run in the Win32 subsystem.
– A DOS application in Windows runs within a virtual DOS
machine (VDM).
– NT 4.0 provides support for different types of
applications by creating a simulated environment specific
for the application.
Limitations of Windows NT
• Hard drive limits - The Windows NT setup program can only
create a maximum hard disk partition size of 4 GB.
• Hardware support - NT does not support a variety of hardware
and does not support the plug and play feature.
• Software compatibility – A few DOS and 16-bit Windows-based
applications do not work in NT’s simulated environment.
Strengths of Windows NT
• Organizations use Windows NT 4.0 for backward
compatibility.
• An organization owning a license for Windows NT can
continue to use the same license when old computers are
replaced.
Hardware and NT Workstation 4.0
• Windows NT 4.0 Workstation can be installed on a computer that
complies with the Intel/Microsoft set of standards.
• Windows NT Workstation 4.0 supports symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
with two processors.
Recommended hardware requirements for installing NT are:
• Intel Pentium processor.
• 128 MB of RAM.
• 2 to 4 GB of hard disk space.
• CD-ROM drive.
• SVGA or higher resolution video adapter.
• Microsoft mouse.
• It is essential that the hardware and the software to be installed are both
compatible with the operating system.
• Users can refer to the Microsoft site to check the list of hardware &
software that have passed MS compatibility tests.
Prerequisites for NT Workstation 4.0 Installation
• Ensure the system complies with hardware requirements, and the
hardware is compatible with the operating system.
• All the connections should be in place for the installed components.
• Ensure device drivers required for the hardware are present.
• A device driver is a small program that allows the operating system to
interact with and control a hardware device.
• Manual and automated are the two methods of installing NT.
• Automated installation is used by organizations that need identical
applications and desktop configurations on a large number of systems.
• Automated installations and some manual installations use the
WINNT.EXE or WINNT32.EXE program.
Installing NT Workstation 4.0
• The common Windows NT 4.0 installation strategy involves
installing Windows NT 4.0 using the generic drivers.
• A clean installation of the op-system is recommended.
A clean installation in Windows NT refers to either:
– Installing the operating system on a clean hard disk, or
– Removing the old partitions and allowing setup to create
a new partition, and formatting the same during the
installation process.
Post-Installation Tasks
Verifying network access:
– Ensure that users requiring access to the LAN are able to
connect to other resources on the network.
– The Network Neighborhood window is used to display a
list of computers visible on the network.
Installing service packs:
– The latest service pack must be tested before being
installed.
– The WINVER program can be used for determining
information regarding the Windows version, license,
amount of memory available, and the service pack level.
Creating a New Hard Disk Partition
• A partition defines the boundaries on a hard disk.
• Primary and extended are the two standard partition types.
• A primary partition has a single drive letter assigned to the partition,
while an extended partition has multiple logical drive letters.
• Each area, defined as a drive letter, is a volume.
• A hard disk can have a total of four partitions, but the number of extended
partitions cannot exceed one.
• The Disk Administrator tool is used for creating and managing disks in
Windows NT.
Installing and Removing Applications
and Windows Components
• Most applications come with their own installation programs.
• The Add/Remove Programs applet in the Control panel can
be used for installing and uninstalling applications and
Windows components.
Managing NT Workstation Security
• The NT operating system offers both, a local security
database for authentication of users and the ability to set
permissions on local files and folders.
• Logons can be enforced only at the network level.
• A hard disk can have a total of four partitions, but the
number of extended partitions cannot exceed one.
• The Disk Administrator tool is used for creating and
managing disks in Windows NT.
Managing Users, Groups, Permissions,
and Rights
• Security accounts in Windows NT include individual user
accounts and group accounts that can contain multiple users.
• User and group accounts are used to protect sensitive data.
• In a workgroup, security accounts are on individual computers
• In a domain, security accounts are contained in a centralized
accounts database on special servers called domain
controllers.
Managing Users, Groups, Permissions,
and Rights
Users and groups:
– NT requires an authenticated logon with a valid username
and password.
– For easier administration, NT uses security groups to
group user accounts.
– Administrator and Guest are the two built-in user accounts
that are created by default when Workstation is installed.
– Windows NT Workstation, by default, creates the
Administrators, Backup Operators, Guests, Power Users,
Replicator, and Users built-in group accounts.
Managing Users, Groups, Permissions,
and Rights
Users and groups (continued):
– All local user accounts automatically become members of
the Users group.
– The User Manager administrative program is used for
creating and managing users and groups.
– The Everyone group is a special default group, which
includes all users on a network irrespective of their
authentication.
Managing Users, Groups, Permissions,
and Rights
User rights:
– A right is a privilege to perform system-wide
functions.
– In Windows NT, user rights can be viewed by opening
User Manager and selecting User Rights from the
Policies menu.
Managing Users, Groups, Permissions,
and Rights
Permissions:
– Permissions define the actions that can be performed
by a user on an object.
– Each folder and file in a NTFS file system has a set of
security permissions associated with it.
– No Access, List, Read, Add, Add and Read, Change,
and Full Control are the standard folder permissions.
Managing Users, Groups, Permissions,
and Rights
Planning for users, groups, and permissions:
– Additional user accounts must be created if a
Windows NT Workstation computer is to be used by
more than one user.
– A user must log on as a member of the Administrators
group to create users or groups.
Using and Managing a Local Printer
• A local printer can be used only after the printer driver is
installed.
• Only the Administrator or a member of the
Administrators group can install a printer driver.
Windows NT Startup Diskette
• A Windows NT startup disk can be created by formatting
a diskette in NT, and copying the files NTLDR,
NTDETECT.COM, and BOOT.INI to the diskette.
NT System Files and Partitions
• The NTLDR is a file that loads the operating system into
the memory from the boot sector of the active partition.
• The active partition in Windows NT is called the system
partition.
• NTLDR, NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI, and
NTBOOTDD.SYS are the NT boot files, and they reside
in the system partition.
NT System Files and Partitions
• The partition containing the system files is called the
boot partition.
• System files include the operating system kernel, the file
containing the operating system settings from the
registry, and the driver files.
• The system files are installed into the
WINNT\SYSTEM32 folder.
NT Boot-Up Process
Boot-up process in NT is divided into the following stages:
• Pre-boot sequence.
• Boot sequence.
• Load sequence.
Pre-Boot Sequence
• In the pre-boot sequence, the NTLDR is loaded into the
memory.
• A part of the instructions in the NTLDR are activated in this
stage.
Boot Sequence
• In this stage, the NTLDR loads, switches the
processor into the protected mode, and reads the
BOOT.INI.
• NTLDR loads and starts NTDETECT.COM, if
‘Windows NT Workstation Version 4.0’ is selected.
• NTLDR also loads NTOSKRNL.EXE, HAL.DLL, and
the system portion of the registry into the RAM.
• NTLDR is also responsible for loading the drivers
that are configured to load at boot time.
Load Sequence
• The load sequence begins when NTLDR passes control to
NTOSKRNL.EXE.
• Windows NT gets loaded and initialized in this stage.
• The load sequence has three phases – the kernel
initialization phase, the services load phase, and the
Windows system start phase.
• The components NTOSKRNL.EXE and SMSS.EXE control
the first two phases of the load sequence respectively.
Troubleshooting Common NT Problems
Registry:
– The registry is a central place where NT stores all
configuration settings for the operating system.
– The REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE tools are used
for viewing and modifying the registry as a hierarchical
structure.
Event Viewer:
– System, application, and security are the three categories
of events that can be logged in the Event Viewer.
– The system log shows events involving the operating
system components.
– The application log shows events involving application.
Troubleshooting Common NT Problems
• The Microsoft Web site and the Windows NT Help program
provide help for troubleshooting problems with Win NT.
• The defragmentation tool can be used to reorganize data
on the hard disk, thereby increasing the speed of the
computer.
• Ensure that the contents of the TEMP folder and
temporary Internet files are cleaned regularly.
• The Windows NT backup program can be used to back up
all valuable files, thereby preventing data loss.
• The Windows NT startup disk can be used to resolve
startup errors that occur while booting.
Troubleshooting Common NT Problems
The Blue Screen Of Death (BSOD):
• The BSOD is a blue character-mode screen that displays a
message indicating a fatal error.
• A bad driver can cause the BSOD during installation and
during startup.
• The BSOD problem can be solved by either reporting it to a
computer support person or by researching on the stop code
in the Microsoft’s Technet site.
• The Recovery settings on the Startup/Shutdown tab of the
System applet in the control panel can be used for
configuring the behavior of the computer after a BSOD error.