Transcript Managing Your Hard Disk and Operating System

Managing Your
Hard Disk and
Operating System
23,26 March 2004
2:30pm - 4:00pm
Knowing your
Hard Disk and Partition
Management
Multiple Operating System
Physical Geometry About Your Disk
 Side(Head)
 Cylinder
(Tracks per Side)
 Track
Sector
Track
Side/Head
 Sectors/Track
 Cluster



1 Sector = 512 Bytes
Capacity = Cylinder x Head x Sector x 512 Bytes
e.g. A hard disk with 1023 Cylinders, 6 Heads and 63 Sectors/Track (CHS=1023/6/63)
– Capacity = 1023 x 6 x 63 x 512 Bytes = 386694 sectors = 197987328 B = 188.8 MB
Limitations of Your System
Hard disk
BIOS/
Min. Val.*
Partition Table
Max. Sectors
255
63
63
Max. Heads
16
255
16
Max.
Cylinders
Max. Cap.
65536
1024
1024
136 GB
8.4 GB
504 MB
* The disk capacity limited by the min. values.
To Overcome the Limitations
 Address Translation
– Controller board on hard disk translates the the CHS
values such that the no. will not exceed the max. no.
allowed in BIOS and partition table.
– Convert the physical values to logical values, e.g.
2000/16/631000/32/63
 Modify BIOS’s design
– For addressing still using traditional CHS values
 Logical Block Addressing (LBA)
– LINEAR addressing instead of using CHS values
 Newer
OS/file system e.g. FAT32, NTFS
Logical Block Addressing (LBA)
 Suppose
a Hard disk with CHS=2040/16/63
 To access a sector on Cyl:2000, Head:10, Sect:60
(CHS=2000/10/60)
 LBA value = 2000 x 16 x 63 + 10 x 63 + 60
= 2016690
Sect 1
Sect 63
Head 0
Sect 126
Head 1
Cyl. 0
Sect 1008
Head 15
Sect 2016690
C=2000
H=10
S=60
Limitation of Logical Block Addressing (LBA)
Hard disk
BIOS/P.T. LBA mode
Max. Sectors
255
63
63
Max. Heads
16
255
255
Max.
Cylinders
Max. Cap.
65536
1024
65536
136 GB
8.4 GB
502GB
* Most hard disk use 28-bit LBA addressing.
 Max. Capacity of 28-bit LBA = 228Sectors = 128GB
* Newest hard disk use 48-bit
 ~ 1 Million times bigger!
File Systems
Popular file systems for PCs
File Allocation
–
–
FAT12, FAT16, FAT32
DOS, Win9x/Me/NT/2000/XP
High
–
Technology File Sys.(NTFS)
Win NT/2000/XP
EXT
–
Performance File Sys.(HPFS)
IBM’s OS/2
New
–
Table (FAT)
2,3
Linux
Type of FAT system
 FAT12
–
–
–
–
12bits cluster addressing  # of cluster = 212 = 4K
1 cluster = 1 sector = 512 Bytes
Max. capacity = 2 MB
Mainly for floppy disk
 FAT16
–
–
–
–
16bits cluster addressing  # of cluster = 216 = 64K
1 cluster = 4~64 sectors = 2KB~32KB
capacity = 128 MB ~ 2 GB
Mainly for DOS
 FAT32
–
–
–
–
32bits cluster addressing  # of cluster = 232 = 4G
1 cluster = 8~64 sectors = 4KB~32KB
capacity = 512 MB ~ 2 TB
Mainly for Win 9X
File Allocation Table (FAT)
file system
Disk Space
Clusters #
Boot Sector
FAT (store usage of clusters)
Root Directory
User data area (addressable by cluster #)
Partitions
Why Partition?
 Organize
–
and protect important data
e.g. OS in C:, Data in D:
 Run
several operating system with one HD
 Gain access to large disk (for FAT16 or older
file systems)
 Minimize wasted disk space
–
–
Larger disk  Larger Cluster size
 more wastage of space
smaller partition  smaller Cluster size  less wastage
Partition Table
 located
in Master Boot Record (MBR)
 Storing information of partitions
 Max. 4 partitions in a table
 Can be Extended
Disk Space addressable by Sector#
Win Xp
MBR/
Partition Table
Win 98
Partitions
Data
Primary and Extended partitions
MBR
Primary Partitions
Extended Partitions
Boot
Code
Logical drives
Extended
Partition Table
Extended
Partition Table
Linux
Win 98
D:
E:
Win XP
Extended
Extended
F:
Partition Table
MSDOS
Linux swap
A Typical Partition Table
System
Type
Start
End
Boot
Side
Cyl.
Sect.
Side
Cyl.
6
80
1
0
1
254
7
00
0
64
1
5
00
0
325
b
00
0
971
Some Typical System Type:
5
6
7
b
c
Extended Partition
DOS FAT-16
HPFS/NTFS
FAT-32
FAT-32X(Cyl > 1024)
Sect.
Relative
Sect.
No. of
Sect.
63
63
63
1028097
254
324
63
1028160
4192965
1
254
970
63
5221125
10377990
1
254
1023
63
15599115
4192965
Screenshot of DISKEDIT
Screenshot of SPFDISK
Partition Management
Create
Delete
Re-size
Move
File
system conversion
Hide/Unhide
Tools for partition management
 FDISK
(MSDOS, Win 9X, Linux)
 Partition Magic
 System Commander
 Norton GHOST
 Many of freeware/shareware from Internet
e.g. SPFDISK, EFDISK
Why not just use FDISK?
 Can
–
create only one primary partition
multiple primary partition needed for multiple OS
 Destroy
data in partition after creation or
deletion
 Cannot change system ID (type) which is
helpful in preparing multiple boot system
 Cannot hide partition
Comparison among Some Tools
FDISK
Partition
Magic
System
Commander
SPFDISK
Create /
Delete




Resize /
Move
×



Change Sys.
Type
×/ 
×
×

Hide /
Unhide
×



Edit Partition
Table
×/ 
×
×

Installing
Multiple Operating System
Why use multiple OS?
 Better
utilization of large hard disk
 Allows OS with
–
–
–
different capability
» e.g. WinXP for working, Linux for testing …
different user
» e.g. One for me, one for brother,…
different purpose
» e.g. One for software download, one for internetbanking
* Be sure you are properly LICENSED!
Ways to run Multiple OS
 Hard
Disk Partitioning
 Running Virtual Machine in Host OS
– VMware (for Win NT/2000/XP)
– Virtual PC (for MAC)
Create Multi-boot System by Partitioning
 Perform
system check to make sure no disk
error
 Re-size your current partition to free up
space for other OS
 Create and format another primary partition
 Install a Boot Manager
 Install another Operating System
 Be careful if the OS will destroy the MBR
How Is Your Computer Boot Up
Single OS System
Boot sequence
Power on
Floppy
CD-ROM
BIOS
POST
HD 0
HD 1
Load MBR
On HD
1st Pri. Partition
How Boot Manager Works
Multiple OS System
Boot sequence
Power on
Floppy
Boot
Manager
CD-ROM
BIOS
POST
HD 0
HD 1
Win XP
Win 98
Load MBR
On HD
Linux
Some Boot Managers
 System
Commander
 Reborn Card
 Boot Manager Plus (BMP)
 Smart Boot Manager (SMB)
 SPFDISK
 Build in OS
– e.g. Win NT/2000/XP, Linux, OS/2
 Many many from Internet
Something to Consider
 File
system type ?
– FAT16, FAT32 or NTFS ?
 Partition location
– Some OS cannot boot beyond 2GB
boundary(Cyl.>1023)
– e.g. Win NT/2000, Linux (older ver.)
Try it yourself!
Try the following steps:
 Delete
partition using FDISK
 Use SPFDISK to create partitions
 Use GHOST to restore partitions
 Install a Boot-manager
 Configure the Boot Manager
 Done!
The End
Thank You!