Transcript No Slide Title - Center for Software Engineering

DARPA
Embedded Software:
A Critical Technology Challenge
Dr. Janos Sztipanovits, DARPA/ITO
New DoD Systems
Are IT Based
DARPA
ITO Strategy:
• The scope of ITO
programs cross-cut
weapon platforms and
systems.
The new platforms are becoming
a set of interacting physical
peripherals for a vast distributed
computing system.
(90% of innovations in automotive are in
embedded computing. This number is probably
not smaller in weapon systems..)
J. Sztipanovits
• Results are validated
using selected Open
Experimental
Platforms.
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The Technology Challenge
DARPA
Embedded systems: information systems tightly
integrated with physical processes
Problem indicators:
Process
Process
D
M
A
mC
Embedded
Software
FPGA DSP
ROM
Process
J. Sztipanovits
• Integration cost is too high (40-50%)
• Cost of change is high
• Design productivity crisis
Root cause of problems is the emerging
new role of embedded information systems:
• exploding integration role
• new functionalities that cannot be implemented
otherwise
• expected source of flexibility in systems
Problem: Lack of Design
Technology aligned with the
new role
3
Problem for Whom?
DARPA
 DoD (from avionics to micro-robots)
– Essential source of superiority
– Largest, most complex systems
 Automotive (drive-by-wire)
– Key competitive element in the future
– Increasing interest but low risk taking
 Consumer Electronics (from mobile phones to
TVs)
– Problem is generally simpler
– US industry is strongly challenged
 Plant Automation Systems
– Limited market, conservative approach
J. Sztipanovits
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DoD Example:
Avionics Systems
DARPA
Advanced Avionics
Radar
SYSTEM of SYSTEMS
•Platform Exploitation of
Global Information
Comm
EW
Comm
Radar
Integrated Avionics 100 MB
NAV
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Mission
Mission
Federated Avionics 1 MB
Comm
Radar
NAV
Independent Avionics 64 KB
DEDICATED SUBSYSTEMS
•Digital Fire Control/NAV
•PT-PT Wiring
•Mechanically Controlled
Sensors/FLT Controls/
Displays
•Crew-Dominated Operation
FEDERATED SUBSYSTEMS
•Functionally Integrated Data
Processing
-NAV/WD/Air Data Sensors
-Flight Control
•Beam Steering Sensors
•Fly By Wire
•Dedicated Digital Processing
•Crew-Assisted Operations
- Weapon Delivery
- Automated TF/TA
- EW Response
1950’s - 60’s
J. Sztipanovits
1958
•Aircraft-Wide Information
Integration
- Sensors/Stores/ Vehicle/
Propulsion
•Modular Electronics
•Massive Data Bases
- Terrain, Threat
•Digital Sensor Processing
- Sensor Fusion
- Hyperspectral Imaging
•Integrated Diagnostics/
System Fault Tolerance
•System Data Security
•Limited UAV Autonomy
1970’s - 80’s
1990’s - 00’s
Source: AFRL
1 GB
- Information Mining
- At-A-Distance
Reconfiguration
•Autonomous Vehicle
Emphasis
- Air & Space
•Air Crew/ Ground Crew
Monitoring & Management
•Automated Functions
- ATR (Multi-Sensor)
- Failure Prognostics
- Route/ Sensor/ Weapon/
Vehicle Coordination
- Bistatic Sensing
(Air/ Space)
- Threat Evasion
2000
5
Technology Themes

DARPA
Software and Physics
– Establish composability in SW for
physical characteristics;
System/software co-design and cosimulation environments; New
methods for system/code composition

Embracing Change
– Adaptive Component Technology;
Adaptable composition frameworks;
QoS middleware for embedded
systems

Dealing with Dynamic Structures
– Property prediction without assuming
static structures; Monitoring,
controlling and diagnosing variable
structure systems;
J. Sztipanovits
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Theme 1:
Software and Physics
DARPA
Embedded software: defines physical behavior of a
complex nonlinear device
Embedded System: a physical process with
Process
Process
D
M
A
mC
dynamic, fault, noise, reliability, power, size
characteristics
Embedded Software: designed to meet required
physical characteristics
D
ROM M mC
Embedded
A
RAM Embedded
Software
F
Software
P
FPGA
DSP
DSP
G
A
Process
Hard Design Problem:
• Both continuous and discrete attributes (a lot)
• Every module has impact on many attributes
(throughput, latency, jitter, power dissipation,..)
• Modules contend for shared resources
• Very large-scale, continuous-discrete, multiattribute, densely-connected optimization problem
Primary challenge: Cost-cutting physical
constraints destroy composability
J. Sztipanovits
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Why Is this a Problem?
DARPA
We have focused on functional
composition...
Subsystem A
Subsystem B
Subsystem C
Composability: Ability to link subsystems so that properties
established at subsystem levels hold at the system level
Subsystem D
Subsystem E
Subsystem F
But cross-cutting physical constraints
weaken or destroy composability
J. Sztipanovits
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Current Technology:
Functional Composition
DARPA
Functional composition does not addresses
physical constraints
Reusable Component Library
Process
Infrastructure
Services
A
p
A
Embedded
Board Support
Software p
Package
FPGA DSP l.
Process
D
Operating
System
ROM M mC
Hardware
CPU, MEM, I/O
Process
C
O
M
P
I
L
A
T
I
O
N
Essential Common
Components
Desired Pluggable
Common Components
Application Software
(currently integrated manually)
Essential Project
Specific Plug-ins
Project Specific Components potentially including legacy
Custom Project Library
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Goal: Integrated Development DARPA
Environments for Embedded Systems
 Compose model-based design frameworks:
– Use existing CAD, EDA, CASE and Systems
Engineering frameworks as seeds
– Add customizable design views and notations
– Provide multi-resolution simulation
– Add automated analysis and system/software synthesis
 Capabilities:
– Co-evolve integrated physical and information system
MODELS
– Synthesize/customize software and system
components directly from models
– Establish composability for physical behavior
J. Sztipanovits
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Model-Based Integration of
Embedded Software (MoBIES)
DARPA
Model-based integration will change system
design and integration:
Glue
code
Process
Infrastructure
Services
A
p
A
Embedded
Board Support
Software p
Package
FPGA DSP l.
Service
Config.
Hardware
CPU, MEM, I/O
HW
Config.
Process
D
Operating
System
ROM M mC
Process
Analysis/
Analysis
Analysis
Synthesis
Tools
Tools
Tools
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
OPERATION MODES
OS
Tables
App. Lib.
Config.
Env.
Config.
J. Sztipanovits
Customizable
integrated
modeling lng-s.
Heterogeneous
Customization Interface
CONSTRAINTS
Generator
Generator
Generators
Retargetable
generators
HARDWARE ARCH.
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Theme 2:
Embracing Change
DARPA
Source of change: environment, requirements
Hard Problem: due to its integration role, systemProcess
D
M
A
Process
mC
EmbeddedEmbedded
Software Software
FPGA DSP
ROM
Process
J. Sztipanovits
wide constraints accumulate in software:
• process properties - algorithms, speed, data types
• algorithms, speed, data types - resource needs
• shared resources - speed, jitter,..
..scattered all over the software.
Condition for managing change:
• constraints need to be explicitly represented
• effects of changes need to propagated by tracking
constraints
Flexibility is essentially a
SYSTEM-WIDE CONSTRAINT
MANAGEMENT PROBLEM
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Goal: Adaptive Component
Technology for Embedded SW
DARPA
 Builds on object component technology
(CORBA, COM) but provides:
– Internal mechanisms to respond to changes.
– Physically and computationally “self-aware”
components.
 Capabilities:
– Insulates software from hardware with small
performance penalty
– Increases tolerance to unexpected changes
– Optimizes performance
– Increases tolerance to faults
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Program Composition for
Embedded Systems (PCES)
DARPA
Aspect languages will change programming:
“Clean”
Core Code
Process
Infrastructure
Services
A
p
A
Embedded
Board Support
Software p
Package
FPGA DSP l.
Process
D
Operating
System
ROM M mC
Hardware
CPU, MEM, I/O
Process
C
O
M
P
I
L
A
T
I
O
N
ANALYZER
WEAVER
ANALYZER
Reusable
Aspect Code
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Core
Code
(e.g.
DSP)
Aspect
language
Aspect
Code
• synch.
• fault t.
• secur.
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Theme 3: Dealing With Dynamic
Structures
DARPA
A new category of systems:
Embedding +
Distribution +
Coordination
LARGE number of tightly integrated,
spatially and temporally distributed
physical/information system
components with reconfigurable
interconnection.
Why should we work on this?
The wave is coming:
• Tremendous progress in MEMS,
photonics, communication
technology: we need to build
systems now from these.
• Identified applications with very high
ROI: strong application pull
• Almost total lack of design theory
technology: the problem is
extremely hard.
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Goal: Services for Coordination
and Synthesis
Application
Process
Process
Application
Coordination
D
M
ROM
mC
Service Package
A
Embedded
Software
RTOS
FPGA DSP
Hardware
CPU, MEM, I/O
Process
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
Diffusing Algorithm
R
e
s
e
t
Spanning Tree
Leader Election
Adjacency
RTOS+
Application
Hardware
DARPA
• Applications determine the
type of services required
• Physical characteristics of the
system determine dynamics,
accuracy and required fault
behavior of services
• Services are built in layers
with rich interdependence
• Algorithms used in
components depend on the
distributed computation model
Hard Problems: hybrid self-stabilization, customizable design,
predictable dynamics, time bounded synthesis, automated composition.
J. Sztipanovits
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Networked Embedded Systems
Technology (NEST)
Time-Bounded Synthesis
NEST Node
Detect, avoid and reformulate
un-tractable synthesis tasks
• theory
• experimental/statistical
analysis
• transition-aware solvers
Coordination Services
Process
Application
Coordination
TransitionAware Solvers: Service
D
Middleware:
solutions for
M
ROM
mC
optimized to
Experimental validation and
evaluation of technologies
using representative problems
and platforms.
• Open Experimental Platf.
• MEMS technology appl.
J. Sztipanovits
Process
embeddable
A
real-time
platform and
Embedded
solvers
application
Challenge Problems
DARPA
Verified micro-protocols for
coordination:
• time
• information exchange
• synchronization
• replication/repl.determ.
Diffusing Algorithm
Spanning Tree
Leader Election
Adjacency
Software
FPGA DSP
RTOS/Comm.
Hardware
CPU, MEM, I/O
Process
Service Package
Synthesis
Select, compose and optimize
micro-protocols into
application and platform
specific packages
• design-time tools
• adaptive components
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Why Can We Make a
Difference?
DARPA
New, critical insights in fundamentals:
Phase transitions have been found
in computational requirements for
solving fundamental “intractable”
problems.
Emerging theory of hybrid systems
provides a new mathematical
foundation for the design and
verification of embedded systems
Revolutionary changes in software
creation: model-based generators,
aspect languages, DSL-s offer new
foundation for design automation
and adaptation.
J. Sztipanovits
1.0
4000
50 var
40 var
50% sat
0.8
20 var
3000
0.6
2000
0.4
1000
0
2
0.2
3
4
5
6
7
Ratio of Constraints to Variables
x’=f(x,u,t)
FSM=<I,O,S,r,,>
Multiple aspect
models
Model-based
generators
8
0.0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ratio of Constraints to Variables
• model checking
• compositional synthesis
• simulation
• formal modeling
• verification tools
• automated code
synthesis
Target system
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Conclusion
DARPA
 Embedded Software is an important area for DARPA
due to the exploding integration role of information
technology across military platforms.
 Existing and planned programs establish a new reintegration of physical and information sciences. This
will make a huge difference in our ability to:
–
design software for achieving physical behavior,
–
make software able to absorb change in physical systems,
–
build, integrate physical systems dynamically from spatially
distributed components.
 To do this means changing culture. DARPA’s focused
investment is critical to catalyze and accelerate this
process.
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