Transcript Operating Systems and system softwares

‫‪Operating systems‬‬
‫‪and‬‬
‫‪system softwares‬‬
‫گارگاه کامپيوتر‬
‫تهيه كننده‪ :‬علي برادران هاشمي‬
Functions of OS
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Manage the computer’s resources
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CPU
Memory
Disk drives
Printers
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Establish a user interface
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Execute and provide services for applications
software
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Carries out all input and output operation
User Interface
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Facilitates communication between the user and
the operating system
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Two forms
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Command line
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Graphical user interface (GUI)
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Text-based
Key commands
Examples: MS-DOS, Unix
Visual images
Menus
Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Linux
The Components of System Software
Operating system the principal component
of system software
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Device drivers - help
the computer control
peripheral devices
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Utility programs support, enhance, or
expand existing
programs
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The Operating System: booting
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Booting - the process of loading an operating
system into a computer’s main memory
User Interface
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User interface - user-controllable
display screen that allows you to
communicate, or interact, with your
computer
CPU Management
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Supervisor (kernel) - program which remains in main
memory while the computer is running, and directs
other “nonresident” programs to perform tasks that
support application programs
The OS also manages memory via:
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Partitioning - division of memory into separate areas
called partitions, each of which can hold a program or
data.
Foreground/background - division of memory into
higher priority (foreground) and lower priority
(background) areas.
Queues - temporary line-ups for programs waiting to
be executed.
File Management
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Move
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Rename
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Delete
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Copy
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Back up
Task Management
Number of
Users
Number of
Processors
Order of
Processing
Multi-tasking
One
One
Concurrently
Time sharing
Multiple
One
Round robin
Two or more
Simultaneously
Multi-processing One or more
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Working in parallel
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Time-slicing :
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Two possible approaches to multiprocessing:
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the apportionment of tiny slices of time (fractions
of a second) to various tasks, which allows time
sharing to take place.
Coprocessing - the controlling CPU works
together with specialized microprocessors called
coprocessors, each of which handles a particular
task.
Parallel processing - several full-fledged
processors work together on the same tasks,
sharing memory.
Security
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Formatting
(initializing) a disk
- the process of
preparing that
disk so that it can
store data or
programs
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Security
management
Other System Software:
Device Drivers & Utility Programs
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Device drivers
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specialized software
programs that allow
input and output
devices to
communicate with the
rest of the computer
system
Utilities: Service Programs
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Backup utility
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program which makes a duplicate copy of
the information on your hard disk
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Data-recovery utility
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Backup NOW! by NTI is one such utility.
Program which restores data that has
been physically damaged or corrupted
Utilities: Service Programs
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Antivirus software
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Data compression utility
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program that scans hard disks, floppy
disks, and memory to detect viruses
program which removes redundant
elements, gaps, and unnecessary data
from a computer’s storage space so that
less space (fewer bits) is required to store
or transmit data
Utilities: Service Programs
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Fragmentation - the
scattering of portions of
files about the disk in
nonadjacent areas, thus
greatly slowing access to
the files
Defragmenter utility program that finds all
the scattered files on
your hard disk and
reorganizes them as
contiguous files
Utilities: Service Programs
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Disk scanner and
disk cleanup
utilities:
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Detect & remove
unnecessary files
Detect & correct
disk problems
Common Operating Systems
Desktop & Laptop Operating Systems
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Platform
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Disk Operating System (DOS)
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the particular processor model and
operating system on which a
computer system is based
the original operating system
produced by Microsoft, which had a
hard-to-use command-driven user
interface
Mac OS
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Mac OS
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operating system
which runs only on
Apple Macintosh
computers
first launched in
1984, and inspired
rival Microsoft to
upgrade DOS to the
more user-friendly
Windows operating
systems.
It set the standard
for icon-oriented,
easy-to-use graphical
user interfaces.
Desktop & Laptop Operating Systems
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Microsoft Windows 3.X - released in 1992;
simply a layer over DOS
Microsoft Windows 95/98 - successors to 3.X
Plug and Play - the ability of a computer to
automatically configure a new hardware
component that is added to it.
MS-Windows ME
MS-Windows 2000
MS-Windows XP
Network Operating Systems
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Novell’s Netware
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A long popular network operating system
for coordinating microcomputer-based
local area networks (LANs) throughout a
company or campus
Netware was introduced by Novell in 1983.
It was the first LAN software based on fileserver technology.
Network Operating Systems
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Controls and coordinates linked computers
Network Server
 Coordinates communication with other
computers
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Windows NT
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The operating system is located on the network
server’s hard disk.
NT stands for “New Technology.”
Microsoft’s multitasking OS designed to run on
network servers.
it allows multiple users to share resources such as
data and programs.
Windows 2000 - successor to Windows NT
Network Operating Systems
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Windows XP
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Microsoft’s
newest OS,
which combines
elements of
Windows 2000
and Windows Me
Network Operating Systems
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UNIX
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Sun Microsystems’ Solaris
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A multitasking operating system for
multiple users with built-in networking
capability and versions that can run on all
kinds of computers
super-reliable version of Unix that seems
to be most popular for handling large ecommerce servers and large websites.
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
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Free BSD
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Free software which began in the 1970s in
the the computer science department of
the University of California at Berkeley.
There are now three variations:
The Free BSD Project, focused on
standard PCs;
NetBSD - focused on a wide range of
platforms;
OpenBSD - focused on security;
Linux
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Linux
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A free version of
UNIX, with
continual
improvements
resulting from
the efforts of
tens of
thousands of
volunteer
programmers
Linux
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Open-source software
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software which any
programmer can download
from the Internet for free
and modify with suggested
improvements
The Open Source
Initiative is a non-profit
corporation “dedicated
to managing and
promoting the Open
Source Definition for
the good of the
community.”
Linus Torvalds, creator of
Linux
Operating Systems for Handhelds
Embedded Operating System
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Palm OS
 the dominant OS for
handhelds, which runs
the Palm and Handspring
Visor, and is licensed to
other companies
Windows CE
 now Pocket PC
 slimmed-down version of
Windows for handhelds
The OS of the Future:
“The Network is the Computer”
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.Net
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E-speak
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HP’s version of an Internet OS, or “universal
language,” that allows different websites to
communicate with one another
Jini
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Microsoft’s platform for an OS for the entire
Internet, designed to link unrelated websites so
that people can organize all info in their lives
using PCs and smaller devices
Sun Microsystems’ software designed to let all
types of electronic gadgets on a wired or wireless
network communicate with one another
The Opposite Possibility: No One Company
Dominates
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Distributed system
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a non-centralized network consisting
of several computers and other
devices that can communicate with
one another
Online Software & Application Software
Providers
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ASP (Application Service Provider) - a firm that
leases software over the Internet to customers
Microsoft OS Release History
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DOS
Windows For Workgroups (3.1)
Windows 95, 98, ME
NT 3.X, 4.X
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 9X
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Windows 95/98/ME
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Built on an “open” memory model.
Designed for wide application support.
Targeted for the “home” consumer.
Unstable but supports most hardware and
software.
Inefficient use of resources.
Windows NT/2000
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Windows NT 3.51/4.0 & Windows 2000
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Code base built on a User/Executive mode
model.
Provides “protected” process/memory space.
True multi-tasking/multithreaded.
Improved stability, performance and security.
Hardware and software must be compatible Limited vendor support.
Windows 2000 Simplified Architecture
Environment Subsystems
System & Service
Processes
User Apps
OS/2
Subsystem DLL
Win32
POSIX
User
Kernel
Executive
Device
Drivers
Kernel
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
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Win32
User/GDI
Windows NT New Technology
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Engineered for stability
Strong security
Versions
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Drawbacks
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NT Workstation
NT Server
Lacks support for older Windows and MS-DOS
software and hardware
Complex to learn and use
Requires more memory and processing power
Windows 2000
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Stability features
Security features
Uses simple approach to hardware setup
from Windows 98
Versions
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Windows 2000 Professional for individual users
Windows 2000 for network servers
Was intended for both the corporate and
home use, replacing Win NT and Win 98
Windows 2000
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Complex
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Heavy demand for computer resources
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Improvements over windows NT
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Maintains user preferences
Self-healing applications software
Supports Windows 98 file structure
Uses plug and play
Provides improved support for laptops
XP
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Microsoft Windows XP
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Merges the compatibility features of
Windows 9.X with the stability,
performance and security of Windows
NT/2000.
Includes a wide range of “usability”
enhancements.
XP Desktop OS – 3 Flavors
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Windows XP has been released in 3
different editions:
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Windows XP Home Edition
Windows XP Professional Edition
Windows XP 64-Bit Edition
Windows XP Home Edition
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Windows XP Home Edition is the least
expensive version of the operating
system and contains the fewest
features
XP Home Edition is a “consumer”
based operating system and is
intended to upgrade or replace
Windows 95,98 and ME installations
Windows XP Professional
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XP Professional is the best choice for
“power” users and business desktops
More expensive than Home Edition
(Amazon.com list = $299/$199)
Comparison website:
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http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/ho
me/howtobuy/choosing2.asp
Windows XP 64-Bit
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Microsoft’s first 64-bit Operating
System for the Intel Itanium
processor
Designed for scientific and very high
end users requiring 64-bit computing.
Supports up to 16 gigabytes of RAM
and up to 8 Terabytes of virtual
memory
Additional memory support will be
added as hardware capabilities expand
Windows XP Features
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Brand new look and feel!
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Redesigned Start Menu
Taskbar groupings
New file and folder navigation pane that
displays tasks and details
Many more “wizards” and customizable
views making complex tasks easier for the
novice
Microsoft ClearType®
Windows XP Features
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Impressive reliability and superb
performance!
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Startup is on average 34% faster than
Windows 2000 and 27% faster than 98
Average application launch equal to
Windows 2000 and 25% faster than in
Windows 98
Performance Comparison
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Windows XP Features
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Improved manageability
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Remote Desktop/Remote Assistants
Device Driver Rollback Tool
File and Settings Transfer
New System Restore Wizard
User State Migration Tool
Upgrade Uninstall to previous version
Fast User Switching
Windows XP Features
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Improved Security
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Windows Update helps to deploy the latest
security patches
New Credential Manager – secure store for
password and account information
Windows File Protection
Internet Connection Firewall
Built in IPSec and Kerberos support
Windows XP Features
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Software Upgrades and Enhancements
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Internet Explorer 6.0
Windows Media Player for XP
DirectX 8.1
Native CD-R and CD-RW support built into
Windows Explorer
Windows XP Features
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Mobile/Laptop user features and
support
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Multiple monitor support
Enhanced battery life (Lid Power and LCD
Dimming controls)
Encrypted File System with multi-user
support
Rich support for Wireless Networking
What’s Next?
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Microsoft “Whistler” in final beta
stages.
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More .Net enhancements
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“Topaz” in spring of 2002
Windows CE Consumer Electronics
Where used
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Embedded systems
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Industrial controllers
Robots
Office equipment
Cameras
Telephones
Home entertainment devices
Automobile navigation systems
Pocket PC
Internet appliance market
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Less memory
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Smaller screens
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Little or no file storage
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Provides Internet connectivity
Linux vs Windows
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Advantages over Windows
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Disadvantage
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Extremely stable
Internet support
Reinstallation is simpler
Scarcity of applications
Any Question?
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