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Operating system troubleshooting
Unit objectives:
 Identify the stages of the Windows
startup process
 Identify operating system problems
Topic A
 Topic A: Windows startup
 Topic B: System troubleshooting
Startup files
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BOOTMGR (7/Vista)
NTLDR (XP/2000)
Boot Configuration Data (BCD) (7/Vista)
Boot.ini (XP/2000)
Bootsect.dos
Ntdetect.com
Ntbootdd.sys
Ntoskrnl.exe
Hal.dll
System Registry hive
Smss.exe
continued
Startup files, continued
 Pagefile.sys
 Winlogon.exe
 Lsass.exe
Startup process x86
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ROM BIOS bootstrap process
Boot phase, using NTLDR
Load phase
Kernel-initialization phase
Services-load phase
Win32 subsystem start phase
User logon
Last Known Good control set created
Activity A-1
Identifying phases in the startup process
Topic B
 Topic A: Windows startup
 Topic B: System troubleshooting
Computer startup problems
 Boot errors
 Operating system startup errors
 Operating system load errors
Boot errors
 Invalid boot or non-system disk error:
– Non-bootable floppy or CD-ROM is in a
bootable drive
– System BIOS or CMOS isn’t configured
properly to boot to the hard disk
– Hard drive doesn’t contains Windows
boot files
– Hard drive isn’t connected properly
– Hard disk is bad
continued
Boot errors, continued
 Inaccessible boot device:
– System BIOS or CMOS isn’t configured
properly to boot to hard disk
– Hard drive isn’t connected properly
– Motherboard was recently changed, or
you moved the Windows system disk to
another computer with a different
motherboard
– Hard disk is bad
continued
Boot errors, continued
 NTLDR is missing, or Couldn’t find
NTLDR:
– Boot.ini file is configured incorrectly
– Ntldr file is missing or corrupt
– Non-bootable floppy or CD-ROM is in a
bootable drive
– System BIOS or CMOS isn’t configured
properly to boot to hard disk
– Hard drive isn’t connected properly
continued
Boot errors, continued
 NTLDR is missing, or Couldn’t find
NTLDR, continued:
– Corrupt boot sector or MBR
– You’re trying to upgrade from FAT32 to a
Windows version that doesn’t support
FAT32
– Hard disk is bad
continued
Boot errors, continued
 Bad or missing Command interpreter:
– Non-bootable floppy or CD-ROM is in a
bootable drive
– System BIOS or CMOS isn’t configured
properly to boot to hard disk
– The command.com, msdos.sys, io.sys,
or drvspace file was deleted, was
renamed, or has become corrupt
– Hard disk is bad
Startup errors
 Himem.sys not loaded:
– Himem.sys is missing or corrupt
– Problem with physical memory
 Missing or corrupt himem.sys:
– Himem.sys is missing or corrupt
– Problem with physical memory
 Device/service has failed to start:
– Windows is trying to load a device or
service that won’t load properly
Operating system load errors
 Failure to start GUI:
– Explorer.exe is missing or corrupt
 Windows Protection Error—illegal
operation:
– An application asks the OS to process an
operation that the OS doesn’t recognize
– Outdated device drivers need to be
updated
continued
OS load errors, continued
 User-modified settings cause improper
operation at startup:
– User has changed a system setting that
causes the computer to hang at startup
 Application install, start, or load failure:
– Someone tries to install or start an
application that isn’t compatible with the
operating system
Windows Vista shutdown error
Startup messages
 Computer boots successfully, but
reports error message when loading
the OS
 Common message:
– Device/service has failed to start
 Resolution:
1. Check Event Viewer
2. Check Device Manager and the
Services console
3. Reinstall device or service
Activity B-1
Troubleshooting Windows startup errors
Advanced startup options
 Use to diagnose and fix problems
 Press F8 after you hear computer’s startup
beep
 Modes:
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Repair your computer (Windows 7 and Vista)
Safe Mode
Safe Mode with Networking
Safe Mode with Command Prompt
Enable Boot Logging
Enable low-resolution video (640x480)
(Windows 7 and Vista)
continued
Advanced startup options, continued
 Modes, continued:
– Enable VGA mode (XP/2000)
– Last Known Good Configuration
– Directory Services Restore Mode
(Windows 7, Vista, and Server products)
– Debugging Mode
– Disable automatic restart on system
failure (Vista)
– Disable Driver Signature Enforcement
(Windows 7 and Vista)
– Start Windows Normally
Advanced Boot Options menu
Activity B-2
Booting the computer in various
startup modes
System Configuration utility
 Msconfig
 Use to view, disable, and enable
services and software that run at
startup
 Quickly test solutions to startup
problems
 Click Start, choose Run, type
msconfig, and click OK
Services tab
Startup modes for troubleshooting
 On the General tab:
– Normal Startup
– Diagnostic Startup
– Selective Startup
In Windows 7 and Vista
In Windows XP
–Load system services
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System.ini
–Load startup items
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Win.ini
–Use original boot configuration
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System services
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Startup items
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Choice of boot.ini file
Activity B-3
Using the System Configuration utility
System File Checker
 Windows File Protection (WFP)
prevents application installations from
replacing critical Windows system files
 Use System File Checker to scan all
protected files to verify their versions
 Retrieves correct version of file from
cache folder or Windows CD-ROM
and replaces the incorrect file
 sfc /scannow
Activity B-4
Using System File Checker
Recovery Console
 Use to recover when computer doesn’t
start properly or at all
 Access FAT, FAT32, and NTFS
volumes from command line
 Use to:
– Repair the boot sector
– Replace missing or corrupt operating
system files
– Create and format partitions
– Enable or disable services or devices
Folder access in Recovery Console
 Root folder
 %systemroot% folder and the
subfolders of Windows XP
Professional or Windows 2000
Professional installation you selected
when loading the Recovery Console
 Cmdcons folder
 Removable media drives, such as
CD-ROM and DVD drives
System Recovery Options menu
 Available in Windows 7 and Vista
 Replaces XP/2000 Recovery Console
 Use to:
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Repair startup problems
Restore system files from restore point
Test computer’s RAM
Restore entire computer and system files
from backups (in some Vista versions)
System Recovery Options
 Startup Repair
 System Restore
 Windows Complete PC Restore
– Not available in Windows Vista Starter,
Home Basic, or Home Premium
 Windows Memory Diagnostic Tool
 Command Prompt
Emergency Repair Disk
 Contains basic system configuration
files
 Use to restore computer to a bootable
state if:
– Registry is damaged
– NTFS partition isn’t successfully booting
 %systemroot%\Repair folder
 Not bootable; use with Windows
installation CD-ROM
continued
Emergency Repair Disk, continued
 Use to:
– Inspect and repair the boot sector
– Inspect and repair the startup environment
– Verify Windows 2000/XP system files and
replace missing or damaged files
 Update ERD whenever you change
configuration of computer
 Not a substitute for full Registry backup
 ASR in Windows XP
Windows 2000 Professional ERD
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Autoexec.nt
Config.nt
Setup.log
No Registry information
Automated System Recovery
 Creates a backup of your system
partition, and floppy disk containing
critical system settings
 Recover from a system failure caused
by problems with the system/boot
volume
 Not available in Home Edition or
Media Center
 Vista uses VSS and the ASR writer
ASR tasks
1. Restores the disk configuration
2. Formats your system and boot
volumes
3. Installs a bare-bones version of
Windows
4. Runs Backup to rebuild your system
and boot volumes from your ASR
backup set
Activity B-5
Explaining recovery option basics
Unit summary
 Identified the stages of the Windows
startup process
 Identified operating system problems