Transcript Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work

Groupware and
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
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Clarence Ellis and Jacques Wainer
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발표자 : 임산공학과 95504-011 김 훈
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1. Introduction
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Groupware
H/W and S/W technology to assist interacting groups
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Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Study of how groups work, and how we can implement technology to
enhance group interaction and collaboration
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Definitions, concepts, examples, and issues related to
groupware and CSCW
Functional 4-part groupware classification
Keepers
Coordinators
Communicators
Team-agents
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1. Introduction
1.1 Well-Known Groupware Examples
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Electronic mail
Different times, Different places
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Group Decision Support System
Same time, Same place (Realtime face-to-face)
Presentation technology, Computation technology, Group process technology
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Video conferencing
Same time, Different place
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Workflow management system
Analyzing, Coordinating, Executing business process
Modeling subsystem : Allows admin and analysts to construct a procedural
models of the flow of work among people and tasks
Enactment subsystem : Uses the model to coordinate task executions by various
participants at various workstations connected to a network
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2. Basic Definitions
2.1 Groupware
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Groups
Collaborating communities of participants
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Definition of Groupware
Computing and communications technology based systems that assist
groups of participants, and help to support a shared environment
2.2 Computer Supported Cooperative Work
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CSCW
Research area that studies the use of computing and communications
technologies to support group activities
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CSCW and various area
CSCW ⇔ Human interaction phenomena
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3. Aspects of Groupware
3.1 Keepers
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Keepers
The set of functionalities related to the storage and manipulation of the
artifact (artifact = shared data)
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Two distinction among keepers
Allow more than one user at the same time to alter the artifact / Do not...
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Typical Keepers
Concurrent Editors, CAD, Computer Aided Software Engineering tools
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Functionalities that fall within the Keeper
Control access rights to the objects
Control of simultaneous access to the artifact
Versioning of the artifact
Storage of time stamp and author information on objects of the artifact
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3. Aspects of Groupware
3.2 Coordinators
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Coordinators
The set of functionalities related to the temporal evolution of the system,
the enabling of an activity after all its preceding activities are terminated
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Groupware with strong Coordinator components
Workflow management system, software process management system,
meeting coordinators, group decision support system
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Functionalities of Coordinator
Execution of a plan (Enacting)
Enabling activities once its preceding activities have terminated
Notification to the users that they may start a particular activity or
that a particular activity is late
Dynamic alteration of a process description to cope with surprises
Helping participants to manage their work
Defining the plan(Modeling)
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3. Aspects of Groupware
3.3 Communicators
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Communicators
Groups the functionalities that allow different users to communicate
explicitly among themselves
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Typical groupware communicators
E-mail, desktop conferencing system, chat and muds / moos, whiteboards
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Functionalities of Communicator
Sending and receiving a message
Joining and leaving a conference
Management help functions and abbreviations
Mailing list, alias ...
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3. Aspects of Groupware
3.4 Team-Agents
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Team-Agents
Artificial participants that perform specialized functions within a group
setting
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Distinction within the category of team agents
Autonomous agents - work alone on an independent subtask
Single user agents - interact / work for a single participant in the group
Group agents - interact / collaborate with various members of the group
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Group Critic
Be aware that the problems it find in the design are the result of different
users acting on different goals and all are responsible for the problem
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Appointment Scheduler
Depending on the functionalities it may also be a single user agent
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3. Aspects of Groupware
3.5 Agent Models
3.6 An Example of Aspect Analysis of a Groupware
4. Multi-Aspect Groupware
4.1 Chautauqua - A Multi-Aspect System
4.2 Social and Group Issues in
Designing Groupware Systems
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Intuitions and experience appropriate for singe-ware may not be
appropriate for groupware
There is an all/nothing or sometimes critical-mass characteristic to the
adoption of such systems
How the people for whom the system is being build really work
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6. Supporting Technologies and Theories
6.1 Keepers
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RAID disks, CD-ROM, File and DB system,Object Oriented,
Relational DB schema technology
6.2 Coordinators
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UNIX Make softeware, ISIS synchronizer, ADONIS, Network operating
system, Interrupt hardware, Kernel scheduler, ATM
6.3 Communicators
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Mbone, Ethernet, protocols …
6.4 Team-Agents
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UIMS’s, NetEffect, distriduted server based toolkit for multi-user virtual
worlds on the Internet, HTML, VRML
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7. Other Taxonomies of Groupware
7.1 Space / Time Matrix
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Same / Different space, Same / Different time
Same Time ? - Require Keeper or Coordinator
7.2 Application Area
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Group editing and reviewing, workflow, group decision support …
To provide methodological and technological support for meeting
- Require 4 aspects of Groupware
8. Groupware and Internet
8.1 Internet as Infrastructure
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Groupware design - non-standard protocols, non-Internet Network with its
own protocols...
8.2 Internet as Presumed Software
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WWW Browser - limited input, client-server protocol, “pull” technology
JAVA - Solution for all this problem, but at price
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9. Conclusions
9.1 Incorporating Communicators into Keepers
Participants in a Keeper
Other participants
Communicate
9.2 Incorporating Keepers and Communicators into Coordinators
Coordinator
A
B
C
D
9.3 Future Research on Agents
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Domain Agents
Interaction Agents : Analyze state of the interaction, propose activities...
9.4 Future Research on Keepers
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Lotus Notes : Free form DB, User can define and provide semantics
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