Transcript Summer Chapters

Reviewing the Key Ideas
Chap 12
PROBLEMS

Little Ice Age
• Affected temps, rain fall,
droughts occurred
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Communicable Diseases –
typhoid, bubonic plague
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=dGFXGwHsD_A
EFFECTS
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Decline in population
Famines
Pogroms against minorities
like Jews and lepers
Decline in economic
activity
• Trade impacted
• Price inflation
• Debt increased,
homelessness common
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Poor sanitation and lack of medical
knowledge helped spread
Bubonic – spread by fleas
• Buba – pus-filled boils on the body,
usually near lymph nodes
Pneumonic – spread from person to
person through contact
• Affected lungs
• Victims "ate lunch with their friends
and dinner with their ancestors in
paradise.“ - Boccaccio
• 1/3 of Europe’s pop. wiped out.
 On
you own, read the article on the black
plague.
• Then with a partner, respond to the following
question. We will also discuss as a class . Refer
back to your notes on the summer chapters as
well.
Did the plague have a positive impact in bringing
about a more modern, secular society? Can we
look at a devastating plague as ever having
positive outcomes?
FRANCE – HOUSE VALOIS
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#medieval problems – old
rivalries, not enough
centralization
Crown was in disarray after
Charles IV died w/o a male
heir
Had issues with English
controlling Aquitaine after
previous treaty
Tried to use legal means to
incite war with England
ENGLAND – HOUSE
PLANTAGENET
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King Edward III declared
himself ruler of France
Did not want to lose
influence on continent, esp
with trade being main
money-maker for English
BOTH: more modern
warfare style, propaganda
used and nationalism
tapped into
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1346 – Battle of Crecy – English defeat French cavalry
near Somme River
1346 – 47 – Siege of Calais – Prince Edward (Black
Prince) and troops surround city. Eventually allow
citizens to leave
1356 – Battle of Poitiers – French King captured by
English forces. France in chaos
1415 – Battle of Agincourt – English reclaim Normandy
1427 – Siege of Orleans – Major French victory thanks
to Joan of Arc
1453 – Battle of Castillon – French victory that ends war.
1st use of cannon as a major weapon
Multiple peaces struck between rulers
Never fully ended until over a century
later
 Most fighting on French soil –
countryside destroyed
 Destabilized both countries to some
degree
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• English economy in trouble – spent too
much on war; local lawlessness; change to
govt coming
• French trade disrupted; king’s subjects
taxed more heavily than ever; loss of
population
 Very
different from modern
conception of Catholic
hierarchy
 Identify
w/ a partner:
• Babylonian Captivity
• Great Schism
• Conciliar Movement
• lollard
 Craft guilds – precursor to unions?
 Race more tied to ethnicity/nationality
than
skin color
 No language uniformity – many dialects
 Entertainment in execution
 Drunkenness common
 Lack of education of the masses
 Arranged marriages or marriages within
village common
• Church stressed monogamy and role of parents in
child’s life
• Men older than women in most relationships
 Renaissance Woman
 Renaissance
Man
With a partner, read the excerpts from
Castiglione and Pizan. Decide on the
traits of the Renaissance man and
woman. Compare this to what you read in
your textbook about rights for women and
men in this era.
CHAP 13

Trade bringing money into Italy (1050 – 1300 )
• crusades, new trade routes, demand for luxury
items

Political changes
• Medici family dynasty in Florence
• Borgia family with ties to the papacy
• Rise of the republic – popolo (disenfranchised everymen, also
exclusive in governing)
• Rise of oligarchy (wealthy merchant class)
• Nobles moving to cities for opportunities
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BY 1400s – stability in Papal States, Milan, Florence and
Venice, Kingdom of Naples
City-states that allowed for a balance of power instead
of one, united Italy

Opulent
 Commanded power
 Gave back to city in projects
and art
 Called out as anti-Christian by
friar Girolamo Savonarola. Saw
the family as corrupting both
the city’s economy and society.
 Modern
Italian territory was not always under
Italian control
 Late 1400s – Charles VIII of France invaded
Italy and started a wave of invasions. Seeking $
from merchant states
 1527 – Holy Roman emperor, Charles V sacked
Rome
 1520s – Habsburg-Valois wars between
Germans and French over the French throne.
Northern Italian territory up for grabs
Holy Roman Empire of Germany.
Consistently lost land from Medieval
period on.
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Medieval period – Church dominated society.
Individualism was suppressed.
Beginning to stress personality, uniqueness, full
development of one’s capabilities in Renaissance
Francesco Petrarcha – “Petrarch” – pre-Renaissance
poet. Noted that the Germanic control of Italy led to a
severe decline in culture. Pointed to the legacy of
cultures inspired by/coming from Greek and Roman
backgrounds as being “better”
Philosophical movement of HUMANISM – 1370s –
literary culture stressed for anyone who considered
themselves educated and civilized
WHAT DID SUBSCRIBERS TO HUMANISM PROFESS?
 Think-Pair-Share:
Define secularism in your own words.
Why were people questioning the
Church’s authority? Did a more
mercantalistic/capitalistic culture play
into the rise of secularism?
 Do we live in a secular society today?
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Focus on:
Classical balance
Harmony
Restraint
Women as
voluptuous/sensual
Men as heroic/strong
Self-awareness
Took cue from Ancient
Greece and Rome
Detail, color, lighting –
skill of artist/artist as
genius
 Corporate/Monied
interests dominated
the art world
• upper class merchants
commissioned art for
their homes and their
cities
• Upper echelons of the
Church hierarchy also
commissioned artwork
 Rise
of vernacular – local languages
being promoted through written
expression
• Movement away from Classical Latin
• Christian masses in Latin, holy scriptures in Latin
as well
 Protestants push this idea of the vernacular in their
prayer books, translations of the Bible and their
masses
 Helped along by the printing press –printed news,
scriptures, bulletins, laws and even pornography (!)
 CHRISTIAN
Humanist
 Artists
Reformers
• More focused on the
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Northern Renaissance marked
by early Church reformers
like Thomas More and
Desiderius Erasmus – Wanted
the corruption and powerhungry aspects gone. Wanted
a focus on the teachings of
Jesus
Christ is in one’s heart –
questioning Church’s
authority
everyday life than
Italian masters
• Earth tones, daily life
and still life scenes,
religious scenes were
often dark and less
joyous/triumphant
than Italian ones

From 711-1492, Spain was
fighting “la reconquista,” a 700
year long crusade against
Muslim invaders to the Iberian
peninsula
No real cultural unity – many
different smaller kingdoms,
different dialects or
languages throughout, strong
Christian (hispanic, roman
and germanic backgrounds),
Muslim and Jewish
communities
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Once united under King
Ferdinand of Aragon and
Queen Isabella of Castile, the
expansion to the Americas led
to an influx of riches.
Inquisition to homogenize the
culture – expelled all Muslims
and Jews in 1492
Flourishing of literature and
art – El Greco, Diego
Velasquez, Cervantes
Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church
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Corruption rampant –
everyone knew
Education of clergy was
lacking
• Couldn’t read scriptures
• Recited Latin masses from
memory w/o knowing translation
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Priests shacking up with
concubines or marrying
outright
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Simony – paying for a job in the
church hierarchy
Usury – money-lending for
interest
Pluralism – clergy (esp higherups) holding more than one
position
• Absenteeism an issue
because they couldn’t be 2
places at once. Although, they
had no problem collecting 2
paychecks!
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Cardinal Francisco
Jimenez de Cisneros –
reform through new
schooling for priests
Brethren of Daily Life
movement –pious
laypeople “living like
Christ”
Ecumenical Council set
up in Italy to try to set up
reform from top-down
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Martin Luther at
Magdeburg Archdiocese
-run by Archbishop who
had 2 other positions
Authorized by Pope Leo
X to sell indulgences to
pay back the Fugger
family for St. Peter’s
basilica (rich banking
family)
Luther saw this as
straight up corruption Friar Tetzel was his target
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95 Theses – written in
Nov of 1517. Translated
into German a month
later
People reading it and
agreeing
Pope flipped out –
banned Luther’s writing.
Gave him 2 months to
recant. NO room for
debate.

Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (only 21) held
Diet of Worms to allow
for Luther to recant
(which he didn’t)

Diet of Speyer (1529) – Basic changes to Catholicism
• Salvation by Faith alone
• Bible alone is the word of God – Authority of the Bible and
nothing else
• Church was entire community of Christian believers
• All employments were equal in God’s eyes- no hierarchy
• Only 3 sacraments – Baptism, Penance and Eucharist
• Consubstantiation – bread and wine do NOT turn into the body
and blood of Christ (this is what Catholics believe –
transubstantiation)
• Sermon now the major part of the mass
• Monastic life ended
• Women gained more equality
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Ulrich Zwingli brought reform to Switzerland
Followed up by John Calvin, French lawyer who lived in
Switzerland
Believed God called on him and Geneva was the “city
that was a Church” – no dancing, fighting, drinking,
gambling or missing sermons allowed
Predestination AND humans have no free will – not
pessimistic in his view, just explains human suffering
76 banished in first 4 yrs, 58 executed
“Reformed” church was also basis for Presbyterian
Church in Scotland
The austerity of the Calvinist Church
 Ireland
– political
issues led Irish
Catholics to dig in
their heels against
Protestant English
 Scandinavia
–
adopted Lutheranism
 East
Europe – spread
due to ethnic
diversity/contagious
diffusion – areas near
German states more
likely to convert
 Before
1517 – trying
to renew spiritual
fervor
 After
1540 – reaction
to Protestantism,
infection of heresy in
Europe, expulsion or
elimination of
enemies to
Catholicism
 Lateran
Council for
reformation
 Council of Trent of
1545 (Pope Paul III) –
Reaffirmed the rules of
Catholicism and
addressed the issues
brought up by Luther
and other reformers
Rise of new religious
orders