Transcript High and Late Middle Agesx

High and Late Middle Ages
1050-1450
Chapter 8
Royal Power Grows
Section 1
William the Conqueror
• Who: King of England
• What: conquered England & set out to control
the land
• Where: England (Normandy, France)
• When: 1028-1087; 1066*
• Why: he conquered England to defeat his
cousin & became king; change the power of
England to the Normans
William the Conq (wksht)
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King of England- Edward- died w/o an heir
His brother Harold inherited it
But William said it was his
= conquer England to take the throne
= Anglo-Saxons gone- Normans are in charge
Common Law
• Who: Royal courts, Henry II
• What: a legal system based on customs &
court rulings
• Where: England
• When: 1154 AD
• Why: unlike local feudal laws, this applied to
all of England instead of just local; ppl brought
disputes to royal courts instead of church;
centralized the law
Henry II (workbook)
• Inherited the throne in England
• Claimed rights to rule clergy (church officials)
& the royal courts—
• He developed common law & a jury systemunifying the legal system under one power
• - no longer local law but one central law
Jury
• Who: group of men that spoke the truth,
Henry II
• What: group of men determined what cases
would be brought to trial
• Where: England
• When: 1154
• Why: this was an early form of today’s Grand
Jury; this led to trial jury- an accused person is
judged by 12 of his neighbors
King John
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Who: son of Henry II, King of England
What: a clever, cruel, & untrustworthy ruler
Where: Enlgand
When: 1205
Why: lost a war = lost land & popularity;
argued w. the Pope over his choices; angered
his nobles w. oppressive taxes & abuses =
Magna Carta (limited his power)
King John (workbook)
• He abused power & overtaxed his nobles
• = ppl unhappy
• =Magna Carta = limited royal power
Magna Carta
• Who: King John, groups of rebellious barons
(nobles)
• What: a document that limited the king’s power
due to his abuses
• Where: England
• When: 1215*
• Why: this shaped the future of English
government-- this said nobles had rights
(eventually given to all ppl not just nobles), made
it so that the monarch had to obey the law; also
introduced due process of law & Habeas Corpus
Due Process of Law
• Who: King John, townspeople
• What: a clause that prpotected freemen from
arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, &other legal
actions
• WherE: England
• When: 1215
• Why: formed the basis of the rights we know
&have today- we have rights even when being
arrested
Habeas Corpus
• Who: citizens, people that are arrested
• What: a right that no person can be held in
prison without first being charged with a
specific crime
• Where: England, WE
• When: 1215-today
• Why: this right was later confirmed in the
Petition of Right & is still around today
protecting citizens from unjust arrest
Parliament
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Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Why:
The Holy Roman Empire and the
Church
Section 2
Holy Roman Empire
• Who: Charlemagne; Otto I
• What: empire that ruled throughout WE from
Germany to Italy
• Where: Central & Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy)
• When: 1077• Why: The Pope was the most powerful man on
earth = he gave power of this Empire to the most
trustworthy leaders (the Empire was “Holy”) ;
largest Empire in Europe since the fall of Rome
Henry IV
• Who: King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor
• What: leader of the HRE; was excommunicated
by Pope in 1076 b.c. not following rules of
Gregory VII
• Where: Germany, HRE, WE
• When: 1054• Why: Henry fought w Pope Gregory VII; was
excommunicated; later repented & was forgiven
but he led an army to Rome to force Pope into
Exile (fought about Lay Investiture)
Henry IV (Workbook)
• Actions: fought w. Pope Gregory VII about Lay
Investiture; later repented but led an army to
Rome to kick the Pope out
• Effects: he was excommunicated by the Pope
but later brought back into church; he signed
the Concordat of Worms= took away his
power to appoint religious leaders (= Pope
more powerful)
Gregory VII
• Who: Pope
• What: Pope that instituted many church
reforms such as banning Lay Invest.
• Where: Rome, Italy (WE)
• When: 1054-1077
• Why: he banned the practice of Lay Investiture
which caused an issue w. Henry IV; his policies
created hatred & contempt b.c. ppl wanted to
be independent from the church (secular)
Gregory VII (Workbook)
• Actions: caused controversy when he banned
Lay Invest. ; excommunicated Henry IV for
arguing about it
• Effects: he wanted to make the church
independent of secular rulers so he banned
Lay Invest- making him the most powerful b.c.
he now appointed all religious officials
Lay Investiture
• Who: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
• What: a church practice where an Emperor or lay
person (not relig) vested a person as a religious
official or presented bishops w. rings that
symbolized their office
• Where: Rome, Italy, (WE)
• When: 1054-1077
• Why: this caused conflict b.n Greg VII & Henry IV
which led to Henry’s excommunication; ppl were
mad about Gregory VII banned this- they rebelled
Frederick Barbarossa
• Who: Holy Roman Emperor, known as “Red
Beard” , ambitious German ruler
• What: fought to bring cities into Italy under his
control so he joined w. the Pope to have more
control; he wanted to expand his Empire
• Where: Germany, Italy
• When: 1100-1200
• Why: he wanted to build an Empire from Baltic to
Adriatic Seas ; he succeeds in expanding his
Empire through marriage = German Emp. Are
more deeply involved in Italian affairs
Frederick Barbarossa (workbook)
• Actions: he fought to expand his Empire &
succeeded in bringing Northern Italy under his
power
• Effects: b.c. of his expansion Germany was
more deeply involved in Italian affairs
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (Workbook)
The Crusades
Section 3
Crusades
• Who: European Christians vs. Muslims
• What: a series of wars where Christians battled
the Muslims over control of the Holy Land in the
Middle East (ME)
• Where: Middle East (ME)
• When: 1096-1296
• Why: they learned that the world was larger than
they thought & these encounters outside of
Europe accelerated change w.in Europe – expand
their economies (new goods); monarchs become
more powerful;
Crusades
• Who: Christians vs. Muslims
• What: a series of religious wars over control of
the “Holy Land” for control of the Middle East
• Where: Middle East (ME)
• When: 1096-1291
• Why: European Christians found the world was
much larger than they thought & their
encounters outside of Europe accelerated change
IN Europe- economies expand (new goods),
monarchs increase in power
Crusades
• Who: European Christians vs. Muslim Turks
• What: a series of religious wars fought over
control of the Holy Land
• Where: Middle East (ME)
• When: 1096- 1291
• Why: Christians battled for control of land in the
Middle East, West. Europeans learned the world
was much larger than they thought & their
encounters out of Europe accelerated change @
home- economies expand (new goods); the
power of the monarchs increases
Holy Land
• Who: Muslims vs Christians
• What: the land that Christians believed Jesus was
from so it was the origin of their religion;
Muslims believed it was the origin of theirs
• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine (ME)
• When: 1071
• Why: Muslims groups controlled this region
which prevented Christians from being together;
This land was fought over in the Crusades
Holy Land
• Who: Christians, Muslims
• What: land in the Middle East where Christians
believed Jesus lived & preached meaning it was
the origin of their religious; Muslims felt the
same about Muhammad here
• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME
• When: 1071
• Why: this land was the start of both Muslim &
Christian religions = Muslims had control here =
Christians were prevented from being here =
Crusades (war)
Holy Land
• Who: Muslim Turks vs. European Christians
• What: loaction in the Middle East where
Christians believed Jesus preached so it was their
Holy Land; Muslim founder Muhammad was from
here so it was theirs also
• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME
• When: 1071
• Why: Muslims controlled this land= Christians
couldn’t go here = Crusades (war) for control of
the land
Pope Urban II (3rd)
• Who: Pope
• What: got bishops & nobles to fight against the
Muslim Turks for control of the Holy Land
• Where: Rome, Italy, WE
• When: 1095-1291
• Why: he wanted Christians to stop fighting each
other & fight Muslims instead; he hoped this
would increase his power; & he wanted to heal
the split b.n the 2 churches (Orthodox & Catholic)
Pope Urban II (6th)
• Who: Roman Pope
• What: gave Christian knights to the Byzantine
Empire to help fight against Muslims in the Holy
Land
• Where: Rome, Italy, WE
• When: 1095
• Why: he wanted to increase his power; he hoped
to heal the schism (split) of the church & he
wanted Christians to fight Muslims not other
Christians
Pope Urban II (7th)
• Who: Pope
• What: gathered Christian knights to fight for
Christianity against the Muslim Turks
• Where: Rome, Italy, WE; ME
• When: 1095-1145
• Why: He hoped to increase his power in Europe;
heal the schism (split) in the Byzantine & WE
Christian churches; set the Crusades to fight
Muslims instead of other Christians
Reconquista (2nd )
• Who: Christian kingdoms
• What: a campaign to drive Muslims from the
Iberian peninsula (Spain)
• Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain
• When: 1085-1491
• Why: the Christians sought out to take over
Muslim lands- by 1300 Christians controlled the
whole peninsula, Muslim influence remained
strong; Ferdinand &Isabella completed the
Recon. By making Spain all Christian
Reconquista (6th)
• Who: Christians vs. Muslims
• What: the Christians strove to drive the Muslims
from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) and
make it all Christian
• Where: Iberian Peninsula, Spain, WE
• When: 1085-1492
• Why: The Christian kingdoms wanted to push the
Muslims out of Spain & they succeed- Ferdinand
& Isabella complete the Recon. By getting rid of
the Muslims
Reconquista (7th)
• Who: Christians vs. Muslims
• What: Christians drive the Muslims off the
Iberian peninsula to make it all Christian
• Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE
• When: 1085-1492
• Why: Christians drove most of the Muslims
out of Spain, they conquered most of Spain &
tried converting them to Christianity
Ferdinand & Isabella
• Who: Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile
• What: they married & unified Spain; pushed the
Muslims out of Granada & completed the
Reconquista
• Where: Spain
• When: 1469-1492
• Why: The Christians wanted to take over Muslim
lands in Spain & end religious tolerance of other
religions- Isabella wanted to convert everyone to
Christianity– “Inquisition”; wanted to bring
political & religious unity to Spain
Ferdinand & Isabella (6th)
• Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella
of Castile
• What: they married & unified Spain under 1
political power; they completed the Reconquista
• WherE: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE
• When: 1469-1492
• Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed
the Muslims out in the Reconquista & Inquisition
Ferdinand & Isabella (7th)
• Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella
of Castile
• What: they married & created a unified country
called Spain
• Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE
• When: 1469-1492
• Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed
back Muslim Grenada which fell & completed the
Reconquista; They led the Inquisition (they
wanted to unify politically and religiously)
Inquisition
• Who: non- Christians & Muslims; Ferdinand &
Isabella
• What: a church court set up to try people accused
of heresy (against the church)
• Where: Spain
• When: 1492• Why: Jews & Muslims were forced to convert to
Christianity or else they were tried by the
Inquisition- many who refused were burned at
the stake or expelled from Spain; 150000 fledSpain suffered
Inquisition (6th)
• Who: Queen Isabella of Spain, Non-Christians
(Jews & Muslims)
• What: the church court that was set up to try
people of heresy (going against the church)
• Where: Spain
• When: 1469-1492
• Why: the Christian church in Spain accused all
non-Christians of heresy & punished them with
death by burning at the stake OR they were
expelled- 150000 non Christians fled Spain
Inquisition (7th)
• Who: Ferdinand & Isabella; non-Christians
(Muslims & Jews)
• What: a church court that was set up to try
people of heresy (against the Christian church)
• Where: Spain
• When: 1469-1492
• Why: if you were non-christian (heretic)=
punished by burning at the stake or being
expelled; expelled all Jews & Muslims if they
didn’t convert to Christianity- 150000 fled Spain
Causes of the Crusades
(worksheet for the top 4 bubbles)
• Christians fought Muslims for control of the
Holy Land
• Seljuk Turks (Muslim) invaded the Byzantine
Empire = prevented Christians from traveling
to the Holy Land
• Religious zeal- really excited about Christianity
& fighting for it
• Muslims continually sought to destroy
Christian states = Christians defended them
Causes of the Crusades
(top 4 bubbles on wksht)
• The Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for Christian
knights to help fight off the Muslim Turks who were
invading the Byzantine Empire
• Christian men were encouraged to fight in the name of
Christ for control of the Holy Land for the Christians
• Christian knights had not been allowed to enter the
Holy Land, went to fight for their right to be in the Holy
Land
• The Muslims repeatedly sought to destroy the
Christians states which caused the Europeans to fight
against them
Causes of the Crusades
(top 4 bubbles) 7th
• Christian knights wanted to fight Muslim Turks
for control of the Holy Land
• Pope Urban & monarchs wanted to increase
the power in WE
Effects of the Crusades
(bottom 5 bubbles on wksht)
• Christians failed in the Crusades & did not
succeed in taking over the Holy Land (Muslims
had control of Holy Land)
• There was a bitter legacy of religious hatred. Both
Christians & Muslims committed atrocities in the
name of their religion- massacring other religions
• Christians learned the world was larger than they
thought = curious about the rest of the world =
traveling
• Economy expanded & improved= Christians were
exposed to new goods from ME = trade increased
• Monarchs’ power increased back in Europe
Effects of the Crusades
(bottom 5 bubbles)
• Encouraged the growth of the Economy b.c. the
Lords allowed peasants to pay w. $
• Monarchs’ power increased
• Crusaders experienced ME = other culture =
curiosity about the world = travel
• People had religious hatred towards each other=
atrocities against other religions = massacres of
other faiths
• Helped accelerated/speed up the pace of things
in Europe = ppl are encouraged by other cultures
Scholasticism (6th)
• Who: Christian Scholars
• What: a method of studying; a method used
to solve conflict of science & religion; a
mixture of Christian beliefs and Reason
• Where: WE
• When: 1100s
• Why: