Transcript Rise of European Monarchies

Rise of European
Monarchies
Invasions, settlements, and influence
of migratory groups
• Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and
Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and
political order of Europe.
Areas of settlement
• Angles and Saxons migrated from continental
Europe to England.
• Magyars migrated from Central Asia to
Hungary.
• Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia.
Influence of the Angles, Saxons,
Magyars, and Vikings
• Manors with castles provided protection from
invaders, reinforcing the feudal system.
• Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and
the feudal system was strengthened.
So,
• How did invasions by the Angles, Saxons,
Magyars, and Vikings influence the
development of Europe?
• European monarchies consolidated
power and began forming nation-states
in the late medieval period.
• During the early medieval period, kings were
rulers only in name--they had very little power
• in the 1100’s, many monarchs in Europe
began building powerful states with powerful
governments
Medieval England
• England was repeatedly invaded by
Germanic tribes from the 400’s until the
1000’s
– Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
– Danes, Vikings
• one king was able to help England defend
itself from Viking invasion in the 800’s--King
Alfred the Great (871-899)
• Alfred was an active learner, founding
schools and hiring translators to translate
books
• Alfred also commissioned a history of
England to be created--Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle
King Alfred
• The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was
continuously updated for 250 years
• England did not fare so well after Alfred’s
death--his successors were very weak
• 1066: England will be invaded and change
hands after King Edward dies
– after Edward’s death, three (3) persons in
Europe lay claim to the English throne
Norman Invasion
• William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman
Conquest, united most of England.
• William, Duke of Normandy was one man who
claimed to be the next king of England
– he was a cousin to King Edward and a vassal to the
king of France
• William assembled a large force of men (6,000)
and set sail for England
• Harold Godwinson was another claiming the
throne
Norman Invasion
• Harold and William fought over the throne at
the Battle of Hastings in 1066
– William wins the battle and the throne
– he becomes King William I of England
– he will also be called William the Conqueror
• *Although king of England, William still
wants to keep the loyalty of his Norman
vassals back in France
• to keep their loyalty, he gives them land
that once belong to Anglo-Saxon churches
and nobles
• William also sets up a new system of tax
collection
• to get an accurate estimate of how much tax
he could collect, he commissioned a census to
count every person, farm, town, farm animal,
etc. in England--a 1st for Europe--Doomsday
Book
*1066: The Year of Conquest & Making of England: 6th Edition
William the Conqueror
• William will start a new dynasty of rulers in
England
• Henry I (1100-1135): William’s grandson
– Henry I greatly increases the power of the monarch
– he created a system of royal courts--he was known as
the “Lion of Justice”
• Henry II (1154-1189): he was the grandson of
Henry I
– he will continue to improve on the judicial system
• Henry II establishes common law--law that
applied to everyone
• Common law had its beginnings during the reign
of Henry II.
• he set up a grand jury to meet with judges
– this grand jury gave names to judges of suspected
criminals
• he also created a petit jury used to find the guilt
or innocence of a person who was on trial
• he will restructure England’s military
• he will improve England’s tax system
• Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Church in
England
• Henry had appointed one of his friends-Thomas
Beckett--as archbishop of Canterbury
– Henry does this as a way to get a powerful friend into
the Church
• Eventually, Henry II will order his friend to be
murdered
– Beckett does not back Henry when Henry tries to keep
others from taking the throne--thus Beckett is
murdered
• The rulers that followed Henry were not as strong
as he
• his sons--Richard I and John
– John loses English land to the French
– John does many things that anger the people--raising
taxes
– 1215--the angry English force John to sign the Magna
Carta
– the Magna Carta was a charter that placed limits on
the king’s power
• What the Magna Carta did:
1.) the king could not raise taxes without the
consent of the Great Council
2.) outlawed imprisonment without a fair trial
by one’s peers
• Another important facet of English government will
arise in the late 1100 and early 1200’s--Parliament
• the rise of Parliament was hinged on the rising middle
class in England
– this middle class made their money from business, not
farming
• the king of England--Henry III--added knights and
townspeople to the Great Council, eventually called
Parliament
• Parliament soon included members from the clergy,
nobles, and townspeople--making Parliament almost
a direct representation of the English people
• In the 15th century (1400’s) Parliament will
have been divided into two houses or
chambers:
1.) House of Lords:
-nobles and clergy
2.) House of Commons:
-knights and townspeople
Henry II
John
Richard I
France
• France will also develop a very strong
monarchy during the Medieval Period
• France’s government, however, will not be
like the representative government that
had been created in England
• French lands will break up during the time
period before the 1000’s
• each of these lands was ruled by different
lords who were independent of each other
• 987: Hugh Capet will seize the throne of
France
• the dynasty created by Capet would last for
300 years
• this dynasty greatly strengthened the French
monarchy by slowly making the French lords
come under the kings’ control
• Hugh Capet established the French throne in
Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded
their control over most of France.
Hugh Capet
• 1100’s: As the French monarchs became more
powerful, the number of French towns
increase
• 1108: King Louis VI becomes king
– he will use the French townspeople to help
strengthen the royal government
– he gave townspeople and members of the clergy
high positions in his court
• Louis VI also gave towns the right to govern
themselves--making the towns no longer
under feudal obligations
• the townspeople were now loyal to the king,
not the feudal lords
• 1180: Phillip II (1180-1223) becomes king of
France & doubles its size
– he does this through marriage and by retaking land
from England
• he will also take land away from feudal lords
• he appoints local officials who are loyal to the
king
– both of the above greatly weaken the power of the
feudal lords
Philip II
• 1226: Louis IX becomes king of France
• he will pass certain laws that further weaken
the feudal lords
– royal courts had power over the feudal courts
– only the king had the right to mint coins
– he banned private wars and certain weapons
• Louis IX was also very religious
– he was made a saint in 1297
– he was a very moral and chivalrous king
• Phillip IV (aka. Phillip the Fair) also
strengthened the power of the French king
– he gained even more territory for France by
defeating both Flanders and England
– he began taxing the clergy
– he created the Estates-General--composed of
nobles, clergy, and townspeople
• French kings will have almost absolute power
in France
Holy Roman Empire
• France and England were becoming
very strong states during the Middle
Ages
• the HRE (modern day Germany),
however, still stayed very weak
• the HRE was heavily entangled in the
politics of the Pope and Italy
• In the 1000 and 1100, German kings posed
real threats to the Pope’s power
• King Otto I will try to take over parts of Italy
• 961: Otto is able to take over Lombardy, a
province in Italy
• 962: Pope John XII will ask Otto for help in
fighting the Romans who were against the
pope
• in return for Otto’s help, Pope John made Otto
Emperor of the Romans--Holy Roman Emperor
• With this new title, Otto and his followers had
certain powers
– they could approve or disapprove the election of
popes
• the problem with this new power was that the
HRE could depose popes while the pope had
the right to depose kings--a struggle over who
had real power will develop between the HRE
and popes
• Holy Roman Emperors had troubles
developing a strong German state because the
powerful German princes would not
relinquish their power
• Many civil wars break out in the HRE
• These wars weaken the power of the
Emperors in the HRE
• 1073: a major dispute occurred between the HRE and the pope
• Henry IV was HRE and the pope was Pope Gregory VII
• Pope Gregory outlaws lay investiture--the process of lay kings
appointing the clergy
– Gregory wanted to free the Church from secular control
• Henry IV refused to follow the pope because he needed to have
power over the bishops to keep power over the feudal lords
• upon this, Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henry
• Gregory also tries to get the German nobles to select another
ruler
• Henry will give in to the Pope and traveled to
Rome to repent (1077)
• the struggle between the HRE and the pope
will continue until the early 1100’s
• 1122: the HRE and Pope reach a compromise
in the city of Worms, Germany
– This meeting stated that the HRE was allowed to
name bishops and give bishops land
– The Pope, however, had the power to refuse to
approve unworthy candidates for bishopship