Transcript Old Russian Buildings: Moscow and Kazan

History of the Church, Pt. II
1000 Years in 90 Minutes
St. Isidore’s RCIA
September 30 / October 1,
2014
Dave Stone
Basic Outline for Tonight
I. Fall of Roman Empire in West (476-800)
II. Split between Roman Catholicism and
Eastern Orthodoxy (476-1054)
III. Reform, Growth in Papal Power, the
Crusades, the conflict between religious and
secular power (1000-1300)
IV. Corruption and Decay (1300-1500)
V. Protestant Reformation and Aftermath (15171600)
Apologetics:
Q: “Wow, you Catholics sure
had some baaad popes.”
Answer: “Yep. We sure did.”
Answer: “Yep. We sure did.”
1) Denying reality just
makes you look dumb.
2) No one ever said that
being made pope made
you sinless.
Alexander VI,
1431-1503, Pope
1492-1503
Cadaver Synod, 897: Pope Stephen VI’s trial of corpse of Pope Formosus
Alexander VI,
1431-1503, Pope
1492-1503
Apologetics:
Q: “Uh, but what about papal
infallibility then?”
Answer: Papal infallibility
doesn’t mean that the
Pope is perfect or that
everything the Pope says
is right.
Answer: Papal infallibility is
used VERY rarely. The
last clear time was in
1950. By some counts, it’s
been invoked TWICE
since the idea was stated
concretely.
The Fall of the Western Empire
The Fall of the Western Empire
1. Church and its officials pushed into
new roles
2. General impoverishment, economic
collapse, and difficulty of travel
3. Decline in educational standards.
Education of priests and discipline
erodes.
Charlemagne, 742814.
Holy Roman
Emperor, 800-814
Carolingian
dynasty
What’s happening in the East?
Constantine and
Constantinople
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople
Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Teoctis of
Romanian Orthodox Church
Roman vs. Greek Christianity
Latin language
Greek language
One patriarch (the pope), many
kings and princes
Multiple patriarchs, one
emperor
Priestly celibacy in principle,
often neglected in practice
Celibacy for bishops and monks,
but not for priests
Rome has authority over other
patriarchs
Filioque clause
Rome has place of honor over
other patriarchs, but all are
equal
No filioque clause
Stability of doctrine
Constant fights over doctrine
The East-West Split
863: Pope Nicholas I excommunicates
Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
867:Photius excommunicates the Pope
1054: Humbert, Papal ambassador, lays an
excommunication of Patriarch Michael on
the altar in the middle of Mass.
C. 1000AD: transition
Developments:
New levels of material prosperity
Increasing levels of education
Effects:
More powerful governments
Reformed Church
Cluniac Reform of Monasteries
Reform of Church Procedures
• Discipline on clerical marriage
• Crackdown on simony and
absentee offices
• Reform of papal elections and
“cardinal clergy”
• Investiture controversy
Emperor Henry IV asking forgiveness
at Canossa from Pope Gregory VII
(1077)
Pope Urban II
Calls for Crusade
at Council of
Clermont, 1095
First Crusade
Apologetics:
Q: “Isn’t it bad to wage war in
the name of religion?”
Apologetics:
A: Sure, but . . .
1) it was a harsher time
2) Crusaders saw
themselves as DEFENDING
Christian territory against
aggression, not taking the
offensive.
Inquisition: Inquiry to find heresy
Apologetics:
Q: “Isn’t the inquisition a bad
thing?”
Apologetics:
A: Sure, but . . .
1) it was a harsher time
2) heresy was believed to
endanger the eternal souls of
heretics and all around them.
3) church acted in full
cooperation with governments.
Avignon: papacy (1309-1378,
schism 1378-1418)
Reformation: Abuses
1. Simony and nepotism
2. Clerical luxury
3. Clerical celibacy (that is, its lack)
4. Absentee bishops and priests /
multiple holdings
5. Ignorant / uneducated priests
6. Indulgences / purgatory
Apologetics:
Q: “Don’t all those abuses
make it clear that the
Protestants who left the
church were right?”
Answer: EVERYONE agreed
the abuses were bad and
needed to be fixed—both
those who left and those who
stayed. The Reformation was
about other issues.
Purgatory: the process of cleansing one’s
soul of sins after death in order to enter
heaven. In the Middle Ages, seen as a
place.
Indulgence: removal / cleansing of the penalty
for sins, either by one’s own good works,
charity, and devotion, OR by those of
others in the church. We pray for the dead.
Problem: in the early 1500s, indulgences sold
for cash to the simple and gullible as “get
out of jail free” card.
Martin Luther, monk
and university
professor, nails 95
theses to Wittenburg
church, 1517
Reformation: Basic ideas of
Protestantism
1. Scripture only (sola scriptura)
2. Faith only, not works (sola fide)
3. Rejection of traditions of saints,
Virgin Mary, sculpture, visual art
4. Rejection of most sacraments
5. Priesthood of all believers /
individual authority
Apologetics:
Q: “Why don’t you Catholics
believe that we all have
authority?”
Answer: 1) We do recognize
the importance of individual
conscience: “A human being
must always obey the certain
judgment of his conscience.”
(Catechism 1790)
2) But if you let just any idiot
interpret the Bible . . .
Then any idiot WILL interpret the
Bible . .
Reformation: Lutheranism
Martin Luther,
1483-1546
Reformation: Lutheranism
Sets basic outlines for Protestantism:
faith not works, scripture alone,
limited sacraments, priesthood of all
believers
Most popular in Germany, where
German rulers use it for resistance
against Italian popes.
Today: Lutherans
Reformation: Calvinism
John Calvin,
1509-1564
Reformation: Calvinism
Emphasis on total depravity of mankind
God chooses a small group of elect to receive
grace and salvation, who can neither resist or
lose this. The rest are headed for hell, and
too bad for them.
Big difference from Luther is style, not content.
Popular among upper-middle classes
throughout Europe; most prominent in
Holland and Scotland
Today: Presbyterians
Reformation: England
Henry VIII,
1491-1547
Reformation: England
Because the main issue was papal authority,
the English Reformation stays very close
to Catholic beliefs and practices.
Does allow married clergy and divorce.
Head of church is king of England, not the
pope.
Today: the Anglican / Episcopal Church.
Radical Reformation: the
Anabaptists
Rejection of infant baptism
Rejection of authority of the state
Hated by EVERYONE in the 1500s and
1600s
Today: Amish and Mennonites
Churches dating to the Reformation:
Lutherans, Presbyterians,
Episcopalians, Mennonites, Amish,
Baptists.
Churches dating to well after the
Reformation:
Methodists, Quakers, Mormons,
Pentecostals / Assemblies of God,
Disciples of Christ
Catholic Response: the CounterReformation or Catholic Reformation
Council of
Trent, 15451563
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Ignatius of
Loyola, 14911556
And the church history
presentations are over!