Transcript Chapter 9: Christian Societies Emerge in Europe

Chapter 9: Christian Societies
Emerge in Europe
Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Trade brought Arabs into contact with:
Most important trading town of Arabian peninsula:
Ancient building that was considered sacred:
Who started Islam and how did he get the idea?
What two religions influenced his thinking:
Year of revelation for Muhammad:
Sacred text of Islam:
What is God called in Islamic faith?
Caliph:
Caliphate:
• I. Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
– A. An Empire Beleaguered
– Muslim Arabs took wealthy provinces from
Byzantine Empire (converted them to Islam)
permanently reducing power of Byzantine Empire
– Great schism in 1054: Popes in the Orthodox
Church disagreed with Latin princes of the Latin
Church, the Latin and Orthodox church broke from
each other
– B. Byzantine Empire had a great gap between
wealthy aristocrats and the poverty of the
peasants
– During the rule of Justinian I a bubonic plague
broke out and created this social gap
– Women: confined to the home and wore veils,
some women in royalty ruled along side husbands
– Economy and Impact: Byzantine emperors set
prices, controlled provision of grain in capital, and
monopolized trade on certain goods
– Impact: Constantinople was well supplied butt
cities and rural areas were left behind in terms of
wealth and technology
– C. Cultural Achievements
– Body of Civil Law (Corpus Juris Civilis) : Law Code
of Justinian I of Byzantine Empire bringing back
civil laws from Rome
– Written in Latin, most people spoke Greek
– Byzantine architects adopted the technique of
dome buildings
– Greatest architectural building in Constantinople
was Hagia Sophia
• II. Early Medieval Europe, 600-1000
– A. Time of Insecurity
– After the fall of Rome Muslim Arabs and Germanic
kingdoms begin to create larger empires
– In Gaul (France) Clovis established the Frank
empire in 400 AD
– He converted to Christianity around 500 when his
troops won a difficult battle
– First Germanic ruler to do so
– Massive public baptism of Clovis and 3,000 Franks
– This conversion won Clovis the support of the
Roman Catholic Church
– Charlemagne:
– Charles Martel led his forces who defeated the
Muslims at the Battle of Tours (732), which stopped
the spread of Islam into Europe
– Charles earned the nickname Martel, which means
“hammer” for his military skills and victories
– Charlemagne is Charles Martel’s grandson (how he
comes to power)
– Charlemagne, which means “Charles the Great”
ruled from 768 – 814
– Warrior and a devout Christian, unified Europe for
the first time since the fall of Rome
– Expanded the Frankish kingdom – Carolingian Empire
– Became the most powerful Christian leader when
in 800 he was crowned as Emperor of the Roman
People
– Restored the pope back to power after he had
been run out of Rome
– The pope thanked Charlemagne by making him a
Roman emperor
– The title implied that Charlemagne had restored
the glory of the Roman Empire in Europe
– Charlemagne’s rule had the full backing of the
church and God
– In 843 the Treaty of Verdun divided the empire
among Charlemagne’s three grandsons
– Vikings invaded England, France, and Spain,
settled in Iceland
– Scandinavia’s land was not good for farming and
food shortages became a problem
– Normandy was given to the Vikings as a peace
offering
– Vikings are not interested in taking territories just
taking goods and gold and leaving
– Quick attacks
Vikings
– William the Conqueror: invaded England in 1066
and establishes his empire
– Defeats the English at the battle of Hastings
– B. Self Sufficient Economy
– Fall of Rome and gap in social status led to decline
in trade and de-urbanization
– Self sufficient farming estates called manors and
were primary centers of agriculture. Grew from
the need for self sufficiency and self defense
– Lord of the manor had unlimited power over the
farmers (serfs) just needed to provide defense for
the farmers
– C. Early Medieval Society in the West
– Class of nobles developed into mounted knights
– Relationship between landholding and obligation
to provide military service to a lord is referred to
as feudalism
– Vassal: knights who owed military service to a lord
or king
– Need for military service led to military
technologies: stirrup, bigger horses, armor and
weapons for the knight
– equipment was expensive knights needed land to
support themselves
– Kings and nobles granted land (fief) to man in
return for promise to supply military service
– Kings were weak and had little ability to tax or
raise an army. The land of the Church was tax free,
for most people their lord was their government
Warm Up
1. What leader is publicly baptized? Why?
2. Explain why the Vikings journey south and attack the
mainland of Europe?
3. Explain how feudalism starts:
4. How do the kings lose power?
5. Define: serf and vassal:
6. Charles the Great AKA:
7. What empire does Charles the Great reign over?
8. What was the only real (stable) power in feudalism?
• III. Western Church
– A. Politics and the Church
– Pope looked to gain both religious and political power by
crowning Charlemagne the king of the Holy Roman Empire
– Western Europe was under 3 legal traditions: Germanic
Feudal law, church law, Roman law
– Germanic law: ordeal vs. wergild
– Wergild – “money for a man” – a system using a fine was
developed to avoid bloodshed after crimes such as murder
• Injured party’s family was paid a set amount of money
(varied by social status)
– Ordeal – one way of determining guilt, based on a belief
that the gods would not let an innocent person be
punished
• If the accused was unharmed after a physical trial, they
are presumed innocent
– B. Monasticism
– Monasteries arise in Egypt focusing on the
practice of celibacy, devotion to prayer, and
isolation
– Functions of a monastery: centers of literacy,
learning, refuges for widows and women, inns,
and orphanages, they also farmed and managed
their own land
• IV. Kievan Russia, 900-1200
– Rise of Kievan State
– Russian cities that became the centers for trade:
Kiev and Novgorod
– 980, Vladimir I became prince of Kiev and made
the state religion Orthodox Christianity
– Vladimir imitated the culture of the Byzantine
Empire, building churches, adopting the alphabet,
and trading with Constantinople
– B. Society and Culture
– Poor agricultural land, short growing season, and
primitive farming technologies led to Kievan state
relying on trade more than production
– Christianity spread slowly through Russia but
polytheism was still persistent until 12th century
• V. Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200
– A. Role of Technology
– Populations began to grow because of new
technologies
– Technologies: horse collar, heavy moldboard plow,
and strap harness
Moldboard Plow
– B. Cities and Rebirth of Trade
– Independent city states begin to arise in Italy
– Venice: emerged as a dominant sea power, trading
with Muslim sea ports for spices and other goods
– The recovery of trade was due to the use of high
value gold and silver coins, which were not used
during the Middle Ages
– During the 12th century Europeans began to mint
silver and then gold coins
• VI. The Crusades, 1095-1204
– A. Roots of the Crusades
– Series of Christian military campaigns against
Muslims between 1100 and 1200.
– Fight over the holy land of Jerusalem, Muslims
and Christians both want to control
– Pope Urban II in 1095: initiated the first Crusade
when he called upon the Europeans to stop fight
each other and fight the Muslims instead
– he promoted the concept of a "Truce of God"
which would restrain violence at home; and he
called for the first crusade.
• "...advance boldly,
as knights of Christ,
and rush as quickly
as you can to the
defense of the
Eastern Church. For
she it is from whom
the joys of your
whole salvation
have come forth,
who poured into
your mouths the
milk of divine
wisdom, who set
before you the holy
teachings of the
gospel."
• All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle
against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I
grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O
what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships
demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of
omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ!
With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid
those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who
have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the
faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war
which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long
time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have
been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a
proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been
serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward.
Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and
soul now work for a double honor. Behold! on this side will be the
sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of
the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the
journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses;
and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let them eagerly set
out on the way with God as their guide
– B. Impact of the Crusades
– Helps to end the stronghold of feudalism
– The Crusades increased trade and some Italian
cities benefited economically
– Led to the deaths of many knights and nobles
– Kings gained power as they took over unoccupied
lands
– Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe