Transcript Protestant Reform

Do Now
• Read the excerpt from Erasmus’s The Praise of
Folly located on page 376 in the textbook.
– What are Erasmus’s main criticisms of monks?
– What do you think he hoped to achieve by this
satirical attack on monastic practices?
– How do you think the circulation of many printed
copies of such attacks would have affected popular
attitudes toward the Catholic Church?
– Why did Erasmus, who was Catholic, criticize the
Catholic monks the way he did?
– How do the criticisms presented by Erasmus parallel
those of Luther? Where do they differ?
The Protestant Reformation and
Wars of Religion
Renaissance Catholicism
• J. Wyclif & J. Hus
– Attack on Papacy:
• (1) No biblical basis for authority
• (2) Bible should be widely available
• (3) Medieval Church (pilgrimage, veneration of
saints)
• (4) Extravagance of Popes
• (5) Immoral Behavior
– Catholic Church: Harsh toward heretics
• Early Attempts at Reform
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Council of Constance attempted reform
P. Pius II-bull declaring bodies heretical
(1) Lost power in new monarchies
(2) Began to lose prestige
J. Wyclif
Political & Social Discontents
• 3 avenues of religious discontent
– Common People: felt divide between their poverty
and wealth of the Church. Religious ideas mixed w/
protest against social order
– Middle Class: Wanted to manage own religious affairs
(similar to how they managed own businesses).
Church too tied to old systems. (successful)
– Ruling Sovereigns & Princes: Disputes w/ Church over
property, taxes, legal jurisdiction, & political influence.
(successful)
• Revolutionary ideas b/c held that Church was
wrong in principle.
– This went further than just correcting abuses.
Primary Issues within Catholic Church
(1) Failure of popes to provide spiritual leadership
(2) Individuals desires to find salvation in uncertainty
(3) Christian humanism popularity
(4) Nepotism
(5) Nobility held high church positions (high $)
(6) Pluralism: More than one church office
(7) Absenteeism: Ignored their duties
(8) Ineptitude of Lower Clergy
(9) De-emphasis of formal religion; personal approach to
religion
(10) Direct communication with God
Martin Luther: Background
• Born: November 10, 1483
• University of Erfurt: Bachelor’s Degree (15021506)
• 1509: Joined Monastic order in Wittenberg
• Obsessed with Salvation
Martin Luther: 95 Theses
• Posted 1517, Wittenberg Castle Church
– Sinner is freed of sin by inner grace and faith
alone, not by the priest’s absolution.
– Reaction to sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel
– Implied that priesthood not necessary in spiritual
relationship btwn individual and God.
Martin Luther: Beliefs
• Justification by Faith Alone
– You only need faith to gain salvation
– Comes from St. Paul “The just shall live by faith”
(Romans I, 17)
– Good works (prayer, alms, sacraments, holy living)
an automatic external show of faith.
• Bible the authority for religious discovery
– Read and make own interpretations according to
individual conscience.
Martin Luther: Beliefs
1. Clergy and laity the same
2. Find truth in Bible for self
3. Reliance on fasts, pilgrimages, saints, and
Masses = bad
4. No Purgatory
5. 2 sacraments  Baptism / Communion
6. Transubstantiation
7. Clergy can marry
8. No monasticism
9. State over Church
1517: 95
Theses
1520: To Christian Nobility,
Babylonian Captivity of the
Church,
1522: Lutheranism
Freedom of Christian Man officially founded
1517:
Leipzig
Debate
1520:
The Diet
of Worms
1525: Against the
Robbing and
Murdering Peasants
1524:
Peasants
Revolt
Martin Luther: Important Events
Historical Argumentation
95 THESES ACTIVITY
The 95 Theses
1 – 9: Issue of Repentance  Do Penance vs.
Repent
10 – 26: Concept of Purgatory
27 – 38: Selling of Indulgences
39 – 55: Effect of buying Indulgences
56 – 80: Role of the Pope
81 – 95: Questions
Causation
MARTIN LUTHER AND THE
PARADOX OF THE REFORMATION
Challenges: The Peasants Revolt
• 1524 - 1525
• Multiple Causes:
– Abuse by local lords
– Increased taxes / services
– Social discontent tied to religious revolt
• UNSUPPORTED by Luther  Against the Robbing and
Murdering Hordes of Peasants
– Lords should “smite, slay and stab” stupid / stubborn
peasants
• Why Unsupported?
– Movement tied to support of rulers (political)
– State / rulers ordained by God to maintain peace / order
(religious)
The Success of Lutheranism
• Movement given chance to take hold b/c
Charles V faced significant problems
– The French
– The Papacy
– The Turks
– Internal issues w/in Germany
The French Problem
• Hapsburg – Valois Wars (1521 – 1544)
– Fought w/ Francois I over disputed territories
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S. France
Netherlands
Rhineland
N. Spain
Italy
The Papacy Problem
• Pope concerned w/ secular interests 
Fearful of Charles’s power
– Sided w/ Valois in 2nd leg of war (1523 – 1534)
• Significant b/c Charles V needed help from
pope to deal w/ Luther
The Turkish Problem
• Ottomans began advancing further into
Europe
– 15th cent: Took over Constantinople and Balkans
– 16th cent: Took control of N. Africa, Rhodes, most
of Hungary and into Austria (up to Vienna)
• Repulsed 1529
So what does all this mean…
• Charles V, the HRE and ruler of Germanic
States where Luther was preaching, could not
deal with the new Protestant movement until
1529.
• This allowed time for Lutheranism to gather a
solid foothold in the area and thus spread.
Do Now
• Read the excerpt from the “Cases heard by the
Calvinist Provincial Synod at Cleve” from the
early 17th century and answer the associated
MC questions.
• For each question, identify which historical
thinking skill you believe is being addressed
• This excerpt is located in your packet 
THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION
Ulrich Zwingli
• Swiss Confederation
– 6 Forest Cantons - Catholic
– 7 Urban Cantons – Protestant
(thanks to Zwingli)
• Beliefs:
– No Relics / Images / Paintings
/ Decorations
– Mass replaced w/ Scripture
reading, prayer, sermons
– No Music
– Abolished Monasticism /
Pilgrimages / Veneration of
Saints / Clerical Celibacy /
Papal Authority
Comparison to Luther: Marburg Colloquy, 1529
Zwingli
• More Radical
• Sola Scriputra (Only
biblical writing, no Church
tradition) – rituals not in
Bible abolished
•Hymns unscriptural – no
hymns  metered
translation
Both
Luther
•Church emphasized ritual
and 7 sacraments too much
•Accepted Church traditions
not contrary to the Bible,
even if not in there.
•Catholic mass in Latin =
source of superstition
•Church can’t grant
salvation.
•Hymns help spur belief in
common people
•Lords Supper = real
presence of Christ
•Lord’s Supper symbolic
See page 388 for excerpt of debate at Marburg between Zwingli and Luther
The Anabaptists
• Most radical of reformers
• Large variety of different groups w/
common characteristics.
• Means “Rebaptists”
Varieties
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Swiss Brethren
Melchiorites
Mennonites
Amish
• All groups heavily persecuted!
The Anabaptists: Beliefs
• Tried to adhere to EARLY CHRISTIANITY
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Church voluntary association of believers
Adult baptism  no one forced to accept
All believers equal
Elected minister
“Simple Christian living”
Lord’s Supper a remembrance w/in own home
Favored separation of Church and State
• Believed government held no jurisdiction over real
Christians.
Reformation in England
• King Henry VIII: Divorce Catherine of Aragon
– Male heir
– Anne Boleyn
• Petitions Cardinal Wolsey to obtain annulment
– Pope dependent on Charles V of HRE (sacking of Rome & nephew to
Catherine)
– Obtain annulment in England’s ecclesiastic courts
• Steps toward Reform:
– (1) 1532: Act in Restraint of Appeals: removes Papal Authority from England
– (2) 1533: Anne was pregnant; marriage to Catherine was “null and void;”
Elizabeth is born
– (3) 1534: Act of Supremacy: king is Supreme Leader of C of E
– (4) 1534: Act of Treason: punishable by death to deny
• Political: Enhance the power of the Crown
The English New Order
• Religious Doctrine
– Thomas Cromwell
– Anglicanism=Essentially Catholicism (sacraments are kept)
– Economic Troubles: DOESN’T WANT TO CALL PARLIAMENT!
• Liquidated monasteries
• Seized church land
• Wives of Henry VIII
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(2) Henry VIII has Anne Boleyn beheaded in 1536
(3) Jane Seymour: produces male child (12 days later)
(4) Anne of Cleves: political reasons (portrait-divorce)
(5) Catherine Howard: adultery (beheaded)
(6) Catherine Parr outlives king (1553)
Edward VI (1547-1553)
• Sickly; 9 years old
• Rule passed to Council
• T. Cramner: more Protestant
direction
• Clergy have right to marry;
elimination of images; Book
of Common Prayer
• Led to outrage!!
Reaction under Queen Mary
• 1553-1558
• Catholic & wanted
restoration
• Disliked bc of her
marriage to Phillip II of
Spain
• Burned 300 Protestant
Heretics (Bloody Mary)
• England was more
Protestant; restoration of
Catholicism was over
John Calvin
• 2nd Generation Reformer
(1509 – 1564)
• French w/ diverse education
• Sudden religious conversion
and moved to Basel to avoid
persecution
• Institutes of the Christian
Religion
– All people could find
expression of religion
applying own local
circumstances.
John Calvin: Beliefs
• Similar to Luther on MOST ideas
– Inc. Justification by Faith
• Emphasized “absolute sovereignty of God”
– Led to idea of Predestination
• Elect vs. Reprobate
• 3 Tests:
1.
2.
3.
Open Profession of Faith
“Decent and godly life”
Participation in Baptism and Communion
• Lord’s Supper  spiritual presence, not
literal
Calvinism and the State
• Church superior to state
– Refuses to recognize right for government to establish
laws for religion.
– Duty to Christianize state (est. religious community)
• Churches should be governed by presbyteries
– Elected bodies of ministers / laymen
– Brings lay control into church
– Breaks monopoly of priestly power; promotes
secularization
John Calvin’s Geneva
• 1536 – 1564
• Theology: Ecclesiastical Ordinances
– Established the Consistory to over see moral life
and doctrinal purity of citizens.
• Used public penance and excommunication
• More serious cases given to city council
• City became center of Protestantism
– Missionaries trained in city, spread religion around
Europe.
– Unwilling to accept other ideas (Michael Servetus)
Religious Divisions
Do Now
• Read the primary source document “Loyola
and Obedience to ‘Our Holy other, the
Hierarchical Church’” located on page 397 of
your text.
• Answer the following question:
– What evidence of reform do you see in Ignatius’s
rules for “thinking with the church”?
THE CATHOLIC COUNTER
REFORMATION
Catholic Reformation?
• Mid 1500s-Catholicism is hurting
– Lutheranism: Germany & Scandinavia
– Calvinism: Switzerland, France, Netherlands, E
Europe
– England: Anglicanism
• Counter-Reformation: Reformed papacy;
aimed at stopping Reformation
– Actions a direct response to Protestantism
Catholic Reformation
• Political motives just as important as religion
– Charles V: Wanted pope to call council to remove
some Church abuses and keep Germans from
turning Lutheran
– Francis I: Encouraged spread of Lutheranism in
Germany; lobbied pope to refuse council b/c
worried about Hapsburg power (“Universal
Monarchy”
The Council of Trent (1545 – 1565)
• Not well attended and plagued by politics
– Conciliar Theory: When Bishops of Church
collective assembled in council they held superior
authority.
• Demonstratred national loyality of Bishops
• Popes still able to prevent limits on power  Council
preserved papacy as unifying center of Church
• 2 Primary issues addressed: (1) Statement of
Catholic Doctrine; (2) Reform Abuses
The Council of Trent (1545 – 1565)
• No major doctrinal concessions
– Reaffirmed salvation through faith AND works
– Reaffirmed 7 Sacraments
– Reaffirmed priesthood special and separate
– Reaffirmed Transubstantiation
– Clarified procedures of confessional & absolution
– Scripture & tradition defined as equally important
• Validated role of Church
• Importance of Vulgate as only authoritative teaching
thus denying individual interpretation
The Council of Trent (1545 – 1565)
• No major doctrinal concessions
– Reaffirmed importance of Latin
– Reaffirmed celibacy of clergy
– Upheld monasticism
– Reaffirmed purgatory
– Restated correct practice of Indulgences
– Reaffirmed veneration of saints, cult of Virgin, use
of images, relics, & pilgramages
The Council of Trent (1545 – 1565)
• Address of abuses
– Easier to define doctrines than address abuses so
this is a much shorter list…
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Reformed monastic orders
Upheld indulgences while reforming practice
Addressed absenteeism & pluralism
Established seminary in each diocese for training of
priests.
Catholic Religious Revival
• Religious revival made reforms stick
– Renaissance popes gave way to Reforming popes
• Ex. Paul III (1534 – 1549)
• Saw office as a moral & religious force
– Revival centered on reverence for sacraments /
mystical awe for Church as divine institution
• Lead to founding of new religious orders
– Ex. Jesuits, Oratorians, Ursulines
– Dedicated to educational / philanthropic activities
– Missionary work becomes major objective (connected to
exploration)
The Jesuits (aka. Society of Jesus)
• St. Ignatius Loyola (1491 –
1556)
– Resolved to be “soldier of the
Church”
• Monastic order directed
toward active participation in
the affairs of the world.
– Strict admission process w/
special training and ridged
discipline to Church.
• “What seems to me white, I will
believe black if the hierarchical
Church so defines”
The Jesuits (aka. Society of Jesus)
• Legacy
– Education  500+ schools for boys (upper /
middle classes)
• Taught Catholic faith / principles of gentlemanly
behavior, extended humanism w/ focus on Latin
Classics.
– Among ruling class  worked closely with kings to
become involved in politics
– Led charge against Protestantism  reconverted
many back from Protestantism
Against the Protestant Reform
• Papal Index of Prohibited Books
– In use until 1960s
– Individuals required to gain special permission to
read book on list
• Enforced Religious Conformity
– Spanish Inquisition and Roman/Papal Inquisition
• Used torture and burning alive for heresy but Roman
less severe (b/c had less of a reach)
– Government Leaders most responsible.
• Catholic leader = Catholic Country; Protestant leader =
Protestant Country
WARS OF RELIGION
Early Wars of Religion: Switzerland
• Forest Cantons = Catholic
– Scares Zurich that they would ally w/ Hapsburgs
• Tries to unite w. Luther @ Marburg Colloquy but fails
• War in October of 1531 btwn Protestant &
Catholic Cantons
– Zwingli killed in battle (found wounded, killed, cut
up, burned, ashes scattered… talk about overkill)
– Indication of future religious wars!
Early Wars of Religion: Germany
• Charles V attempts to reverse Protestantism
• Diet of Augsburg (1530)
– Charles attempts to settle “Lutheran Problem” by
forcing return to Catholicism
• Led to formation of Schmalkaldic League (Lutheran states
vowed to assist on matters of religion)
• Divided the empire
• Schmalkaldic Wars (1546 – 1555)
– Showed that rulers would ally themselves along
political interests, not necessarily religious ones
• Ex: Henry II (French Catholic) united w/ S. League to defeat
Charles V
Early Wars of Religion: Germany
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) ends religious wars
in Germany
– Charles V give control of HRE to brother, abdicated
titles in 1556 to live in Spain until death 2 yrs. later
– Formal acknowledgement of religious divisions
w/in Christianity.
• Lutheranism receives equal legal status as Catholicism
• German rulers have right to determine religion of own
subjects
Early Wars of Religion: Munster
• Religious radicals took over city in 1534
– “Reign of the Saints”
• Abolished property, introduced polygamy (sanctioned in Old
Testament)
• Led by John of Leyden (claimed authority directly from God)
• Luther advises followers to join w/ Catholics to
stamp out “dangerous religious / social menace.”
– Successful; John of Leyden died in torture.
Later Wars of Religion
• Catholicism (Jesuits) & Protestantism (Calvinists)
had become militant
• Ushers in a period from 1560-1650 of religious
warfare throughout Europe
• Over the course of 90 years, only 3 were without
conflict
French Wars of Religion
• Series of Civil Wars (1562-1598)
• Causes:
– Valois kings (Charles VIII-Henry III): Stop spread of Calvinism (Huguenots)
• 10% of population (Artisans, lawyers, merchants, etc)
• 40-50% of nobility: House of Bourbon (next in succession)
– Weak & Paranoid French monarchy
• Henry II & Catherine de’ Medici
– Religious extremists: CATHOLIC Guise Family (Paris) vs. HUGUENOTS Nobles
– Political Reasons: Monarchy had grown exponentially; nobles are willing to
join in the struggle against throne (& Catholicism)
• Overall Effects: Valois dynasty removed; Bourbon dynasty in place
until French Rev.
– Monarchial power is going to be checked & then expands
French Wars of Religion
• (1) April 1562: Duke of Guise massacres Huguenots
• (2) August 1572: St. Bart’s Day Massacre
– Sister of Charles IX (C) was to wed Henry of Navarre (H)
– Huguenot leaders gathered in Paris
– Convinced of a threat; massacre-3,000 ‘Nots killed
• (3) 1574: Henry III takes over
• (4) 1588: War of 3 Henries: H. III (C) ; H. Navarre (H); H.
Guise (C)
• (5) 1594: Henry of Navarre claims throne (convertsHenry IV)
• (6) 1598: Edict of Nantes
– (a) Catholicism as official religion
– (b) Huguenots had full religious & political rights
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
Philip II & Militant Catholicism
• Reign: 1556-1598
• Overall Objectives
– (1) Consolidate Habsburg claims
• Spain, Netherlands, Italy, America
– (2) Impose Strict Monarchial
Authority
• Adherence to Catholicism;
Inquisition
• Obsessive
– (3) Spanish Dominance: Economics
• Importation of Gold & Silver led to
inflation
• Dependence on war sapped
treasury
– (4) Revolt in Netherlands
• William of Orange leads revolt
(1609)
• Dutch Republic
Queen Elizabeth in England
• Reign: 1558-1603
• Religious Policy: Moderation &
Compromise
– Catholic legislation under Mary was
repealed
– Act of Supremacy: Elizabeth is Head of
English Church
– Act of Uniformity: Defines Anglicanism
(Moderate Protestantism)
– Dealt with: (a) Catholic plots (Mary Queen
of Scots) & (b) Puritan Desires
• Foreign Policy: Moderation &
Compromise
– Officially: Avoided war
– Unofficially: Raid Spanish, Aid French
Huguenots & Dutch Calvinists
– Philip II of Spain decides to raid England:
“God’s Will”
Spanish Armada (1588)
• Huge defeat for the
Spanish
• Consequences:
– (1) England would
remain Protestant
– (2) Huge loss for
Spanish-Economic,
religious
– (3) England “left alone”
“Why am I always on the AP exam?”
--Gustavus Adolphus
THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
Background/Causes of Conflict
• (1) Religion
– (a) Militant Calvinism vs. Militant Catholicism w/ HRE
– (b) Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Allowed for princes in HRE to choose btwn Lutheranism & Catholicism
• Princes begin choose Calvinism as official religion
– (c) Protestant Union vs. Catholic League
• Catholic Jesuits began actively pursuing Catholic agenda in HRE
• Protestant states become alarmed, band together, Catholics respond
• (2) Political/Dynastic
– (a) Princes in HRE want autonomy over states, resist HRE decrees
• HR Emperors look for help from Spain
• Princes look for help from enemies of Spain (France)
– (b) Larger Bourbon (France) vs. Habsburg (Spain/HRE) struggle for
dominance
Four Phases of Conflict
• Bohemian (18-25)
• Danish (25-29)
• Swedish (30-35)
• French (35-48)
• Peace of Westphalia
(1648)
Thirty Years’ War
• (1) Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
– (a) Bohemia selects Ferdinand as prince (staunch Catholic)
– (b) Nobles (Protestant) depose of him, replace w/ Frederick
(Protestant)
– (c) Ferdinand becomes HR Emperor, joins with Catholic League and
Spain to CRUSH Protestant in Bohemia
• (2) Danish Phase (1625-1629)
– (a) King Christian IV of Denmark (Protestant) invade North German
states on behalf of Protestant Union
– (b) Ferdinand dispatches Catholic League to CRUSH Protestants again
– (c) Edict of Restitution (1629)
• (1) Prohibited Calvinism (death)
• (2) Restored ALL Catholic lands seized in past 75 years
– (d) Has a HUGE backlash as princes become weary
Thirty Years’ War
• (3) Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
– (a) Gustavus Adolphus (Protestant) enters war, conquers
parts of Northern HRE (Protestant)
– (b) Loses in Southern HRE (Catholic)
– (c) Ferdinand agrees to annul Edict of Restitution (too late)
• (4) French Phase (1635-1648)
– (a) Fighting began in western part of HRE (borders France)
– (b) France (Catholic) supports Sweden (Protestant) against
HRE and Spain
– (c) France CRUSHES HRE, war ends in 1648
Outcomes of the War
• (1) Peace of Westphalia is signed
– (a) ALL GERMAN STATES CAN CHOOSE OWN RELIGION
– (b) HRE essentially loses all power
– (c) France gains territory (becomes SUPER EUROPEAN
POWER)
– (d) Spain is a SECOND RATE POWER
– (e) German is DESTROYED (5 million people DEAD)
– (f) Politics and religion are separate
– (g) Military Revolution
• Kings invested more in military power
• Organized armies
• Arms race
Silent Debate
Defend, refute, or modify the following statement:
"State power depended on
religious unity."
Gather evidence from your readings on the religious wars
of the 16th and 17th century and prepare to respond to
this prompt in 1-2 sentences. You may respond multiple
times and you must have at least one response.
END OF PERIOD 1: 1450 – 1648