Transcript The Holy Land - Newark Central Schools

Unit 3: Medieval Europe
Rome is SPLIT
Rome began as a small city-state and over time,
became an enormous empire, controlling lands
all around the Mediterranean Sea. Despite
experience a golden age called the Pax Romana,
it eventually deteriorated due to invasions, a
lack of trade and a falling economy. In an
attempt to govern the vast empire more
effectively, the Roman Empire was split into two
by Emperor Diocletian.
3
Western Empire
Capital: Rome
Collapsed in the A.D. 400’s
Eastern Empire
(Byzantine Empire)
Capital: Constantinople
 key location for trade because it was
at a crossroads of Europe and Asia
 cultural diffusion!
• The Byzantines preserved (saved)
Greek and Roman culture
• Justinian’s Code: set of laws for the
Byzantine Empire (Emperor Justinian
had officials collect all the laws of
ancient Rome and then he edited
and organized them).
•
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Survived for another 1,000 years
Brainpop
• Fall of Rome (just watch the video; don’t
bother with the quiz)
Fall of Rome
o It was difficult to manage such a large area (at its
height, the Roman Empire was 3 million square
miles!)
Fall of Rome
The Germanic tribes constantly invaded
 Germanic groups: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, and
Vandals.
 Germanic people had been living on the northern borders
of the Roman Empire for years.
 Rome became weak from the constant invasions as the
Germans moved into Roman territory
 In 476, Emperor Augustus was dethroned and exiled by a
German warrior which completed the fall of Rome.
The Middle Ages is the period of time in Europe after the
collapse of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance.
(It is in the “middle” of two golden ages)
The Renaissance (Rebirth)
Begins around 1400
500 B.C – 476 A.D
The Roman Empire
The Middle Ages or
Medieval Period
400-1400
The Early Middle Ages (aka: The Dark Ages)
were characterized by:
Split into many separate Germanic kingdoms
Increase in
warfare
(dangerous
time; people
don't feel
safe)
Decline in trade
Decline in education
People live in small shacks in rural villages
The Church was a very powerful force
in Europe during the Middle Ages.
• Popes usually held both spiritual &
political power
• The church was at the center of each
manor
• People became devoted to God
because their lives were so difficult
• Complete “Fall of Rome (Document Analysis)”
Brainpop: Feudalism
FEUDALISM
Feudalism
• A political & social system in which land is
exchanged for loyalty and service
• No social mobility! Your place in the feudal
pyramid was determined by birth.
Why Feudalism?
• After the fall of Rome, Western Europe was
a scary place!
• There wasn’t a strong, central government
to raise a large army, so there was no
protection from invaders.
• The Feudal system emerged as a means to
create
– Social/political order and stability in society
– provide a system of protection
Loyalty & knights
King
Land (fief)
Nobles
Land
Loyalty & military
service
Knights
Labor & food
Peasants & Serfs
Land &
protection
Code of Chivalry
• To fear God and maintain His
Church
• To serve the liege lord in valor
and faith
• To protect the weak and
defenseless
• To give help to widows and
orphans
• To refrain from the wanton
giving of offence
• To live by honor and for glory
• To despise pecuniary reward
• To fight for the welfare of all
• To obey those placed in
authority
• To guard the honor of fellow
knights
• To eschew unfairness, meanness
and deceit
• To keep faith
• At all times to speak the truth
• To persevere to the end in any
enterprise begun
• To respect the honor of women
• Never to refuse a challenge from
an equal
• Never to turn the back upon a
foe
Manorialism:
The
Medieval
Economic
System
Manors:
• A village and
the land
surrounding
it
• The manor was completely self sufficient meaning that
everything that was needed was on the manor.
• Very little reason to leave or travel beyond your manor.
The Manor System – The Medieval
Economic System
• The self sufficient manor contributed to the
decline of learning. No new ideas were
exchanged.
• Technology was slow to progress.
• Little use of money. Wealth based on land.
Complete:
• “The Feudal System” History Short (just the crossword and
quiz)
• “Sig Fig Selfie” (based on readings of Serfs, Knights, Nobles,
Monks)
• “The Church Power Grows” History Short
– Sentence/Phrase/Word
• Middle Ages: Practice Multiple Choice
Spread of Islam & Golden Age of Islam
THE CRUSADES
•
Watch “Mankind: The Story of Us- Warriors” (36:3046:03) :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWxn6fkBOBM&index=4&list=PL6
7H7asWbCwkTcSFd3DWEb8tZl7qBfOvQ
•
Watch Brainpop’s “The Middle Ages”
THE CRUSADES
Big idea:
The Crusades were a long series of wars between
Christians and Muslims over control of the holy
land (Jerusalem)
The Holy Land
The Holy Land includes Jerusalem and surrounding areas in
present day Israel and Palestine.
The Holy Land was important to:
• Christians because Jesus was born there, lived and taught
there, and was crucified there
• Muslims because Muhammad (the final prophet of Islam)
ascended into heaven there
Based on the map, between 1096-1204:
•Who controlled most of the lands in Europe?
•Who controlled most of the land in N. Africa and the Middle East?
•Who controlled the holy land? (circle it on the map)
Background:
• Christianity became vastly popular during the Middle Ages
as people were increasingly concerned with the after-life.
• The Muslim Arabs conquered Jerusalem around 638 BC
• For almost 500 years, Christians, Jews, & Muslims peacefully
coexisted
• Because Jerusalem was a holy land, Christians came each
year to visit (pilgrimage)
Causes of the Crusades:
 In the early 1000’s however, Christian pilgrims increased so much, the
Muslims no longer allowed them to visit. Also, many Muslims
attacked the Christian pilgrims, and destroyed many of the
Christian churches.
 Additionally, the increase in Muslim power threatened the capital
of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.
Calling all Christians
• Pope Urban II called on all Christians to take back the holy
land from the Muslims.
• Feudal lords, knights & peasants agreed to fight because they
wanted:
o To have their sins forgiven***
o To win land and wealth
o To escape troubles at home
o For adventure
The Crusades:
 There were approximately eight crusades, but only the first four are
well known.
 For over 200 years, Christians and Muslims were engaged in almost
constant warfare.
 Although the Christians succeeded in capturing the holy land in the
First Crusade, they were not able to maintain control.
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
• Peasant army
– Untrained
– Lacked military
equipment
– Many killed by
Muslim Turks
• Knights
– Succeeded in
capturing Jerusalem
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• After victory many Christians went back
home.
• The Turks eventually took back much of
the territory.
• King of France and Emperor of Germany
sent troops to stop the Turks.
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Saladin leads the
Muslim Turks to
victory, defeating
the Christians
• * He was considered a very
wise ruler. He was known for
his sometimes kind treatment
of fallen enemies. Many
Christians saw him as a model
of knightly chivalry.
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
• King Richard of
England convinces
the Turks to allow
Christians to visit
the Holy Land
Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
• Several more crusades attempted with no
victories for the Christians
• Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers many of them under 12 years old – Never
made it to the Holy Land
Effects of the Crusades:
(IF Turks Traveled they would Trade)
• I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
• F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too
much money on military.
• T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
• T = Travel – Europeans want to travel and learn more about
the world
• T = Trade – increased between Europe and the Middle East
which leads to an increase in CULTURAL DIFFUSION
•
•
•
Read “Effects of the Crusades” by EdHelper
Watch “Mankind: The Story of All of Us: Episode 5: The Plague” (after
section on Mongols)
Watch music video: “Black Death (Holla Back Girl) by historyteachers on
YouTube
The Mongols
Important Ideas to Remember
about the Mongols:
 Genghis Khan united the Mongols and created the largest empire in
history (across Europe and Asia)
 After the Mongols conquered many lands, a time of
peace and stability occurred (The Pax Mongolia)
 As a result, trade increased between Europe and Asia
on the Silk Road
 Russians were cut off/ isolated from most of Western Europe as a
result of the Mongol invasions
(notice on the map how Europe and Russia are separated from each other because of the Mongols)
 Russian leaders adopted the idea of strong, centralized control of the
empire
• Watch video “History vs. Genghis Khan
• Watch “America the Story of All of Us:
Episode 5” (first 11 minutes)
Downfall of
Feudalism
People no longer
stayed on their selfsufficient manors
A "middle class" of
people emerged with
new skills and jobs
Resurgegence of
Trade
One result of the
crusades, is that
more traded
There were local
trade fairs in towns
Items like cloth, food,
leather, dyes, knives,
etc. were sold
.
Capitalism
New economic
system based on
money and trying to
make a profit
Guilds
Associations of
craftworkers &
merchants that set
prices and standards
New Business
Practices
-Banks (people could
take out loans and
pay them back w/
interest)
-Joint Stock
Compainies (used to
raise money for big
projects)
-Insurance
-Bills of Exchange
(like modern
checking accounts)