Transcript The Renaissance - Stovka Social 8

The Renaissance
The Rebirth of Classical Knowledge
and Art in Europe
Chapter 1
1-22
What is Renaissance?
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Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’.
It was a period in history that saw a renewed interest in Europe’s
classical Roman past.
Began in northern Italy in the lat 14th (early 1300’s) century, and
ended in England in the early 17th (late 1600’s) century.
Famous individuals such as Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo
(not the Ninja Turtles) lived during this time and greatly
influenced society and challenged the church.
Renaissance began in Italy because they had contact with Asia
and Africa, new about Ancient civilizations in Greece and Rome,
and world trade made Italy very wealthy.
This period is known as the Middle Ages.
Chapter 1 – Times of Change
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During the Middle Ages, European society was organized in a
system called feudalism. (A hierarchy were people are ranked
according to their importance)
People were born into their level of feudal society and stayed
their fir their entire lives.
Feudalism was based on land, loyalty, and duty.
Nobles or Knights, swore oaths of allegiance to the King. They
fought for him in exchange for land (manors – manorial system)
Bishops (Priests) received their land from the Crown, which
resulted in the Church becoming a large land owner. The Church
was very powerful during these times.
Medieval Country Life
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Most people during the middle ages were peasants, who lived in
rural villages. Peasants farmed the land, then turned over a
portion of their production to the Lord of the Manor.
They also built roads, cleared forests, and all other work they
were ordered, in exchange for some of the product they
produced.
Peasants were illiterate and uneducated, but some were freemen,
who rented the land. Most peasants were serfs, who couldn’t
leave the land without permission. (Commoners)
Peasants – Knights – Barons - KING
Medieval Town Life
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Most
towns
were
farm
communities, close to a castle or
monastery.
Stones walls were built around the
town, with the Castle or monastery
in the middle.
This was for protection from rival
Lords.
Towns were dirty and rat infested,
but had shops and stores which
offered
freedom
and
new
opportunities.
Medieval Town Life
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People had the freedom to marry and make money, skilled
peasants could make merchandise for wealthy merchants.
Production of goods and trade in the towns was organized by
guilds.
Guilds controlled the prices of goods, set standards of
quality, and decided who could work as a trainee, or
apprentice.
Young children (8-10) could learn a trade and become a
journeyman, then be admitted to the guild.
Eventually they would become masters, then open their own
business.
Role of Women
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Rural women usually had many children and shared the work in
the fields with the men.
Women also wove cloth, made clothes, cooked meals, and
preserved food for the winter.
Sometimes women married guild members and worked along
side their husbands.
The women could inherit guild property when their husbands
died, and become masters.
Women of wealthy merchants were educated, and had great
opportunities.
Noble women had few rights and choices. Marriages were
arranged for family economic gain.
Feudal system
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Beginning in 1337, war broke out between England and France.
Lasted more than a century, known as the 100yr war.
Endless fighting devastated the countryside.
Peasants in both countries revolted because of the high rent and
taxes they had to pay to Nobles in order to finance the war.
ROBIN HOOD – Steal from the rich, to give to the poor.
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The story of Robin Hood is a folklore tale about and English Noble that
revolted against the treatment of peasants.
He would steal money and goods from the wealthy Crown, and give it
back to the starving peasants.
PEASANTS’ REVOLT
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French nobles referred to peasants as “Jacques Bonhomme”, or
simply “Jacques”
Revolt in France became known as La Jacquerie!
The revolts in England and France were brutal. Many Nobles
were killed, their manors burned, but the peasants suffered
dramatically.
Both sides lost!!
ROBIN HOOD – Prince of Thieves
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Movie Study
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Complete the movie study
questions and assignment.
Be specific and relate all
the questions to the
movie, and how the
feudal system is depicted
in the movie.
Have Fun
THE BLACK DEATH
1346 - 1350
Black Death
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Began in the Gobi Desert (between China and Mongolia) in the
late 1320’s.
Some speculation, that in the 14th century, the Earth’s
temperature began to cool so the disease spread very quickly.
Millions of Europeans died which resulted in several labour
shortages on the manors and many feudal estates went bankrupt.
All of this resulted in a wealthier middle class.
Black Death
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History
 China lost 35 million people to the Black Death in the 14th century.
 The plague moved along caravan routes (Silk Road) toward the west.
 By 1345, the plague had hit the Volga river in Russia, then out the Black
Sea.
 By 1347 the plague was in Turkey and Greece, then on to Egypt.
 By January of 1348 the plague had hit Germany, France, and Norway,
which were 3 of the largest cities in relation to import and exports.
 The plague followed the trade routes through all of Europe and Asia.
 By 1352, the plague was over, but not until one third to one half of
Europe’s population had died.
Silk Road
What is the Black Death?
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The Black Death In 1347 a Genoese ship from Caffa, on the Black Sea,
came ashore at Messina, Sicily. The crew of the ship, what few were left alive,
carried with them a deadly cargo, a disease so virulent that it could kill in a
matter of hours. It is thought that the disease originated in the Far East, and
was spread along major trade routes to Caffa, where Genoa had an
established trading post. When it became clear that ships from the East
carried the plague, Messina closed its port. The ships were forced to seek safe
harbour elsewhere around the Mediterranean, and the disease was able to
spread quickly.
During the Medieval period the plague went by several names, the most
common being "the Pestilence" and "The Great Mortality ". Theories about
the cause of the disease were numerous, ranging from a punishment from
God to planetary alignment to evil stares. Not surprisingly, many people
believed that the horrors of the Black Death signaled the Apocalypse, or end
of time. Others believed that the disease was a plot by Jews to poison all of
the Christian world, and many Jews were killed by panicked mobs.
Causes of the Black Death?
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3 types of plague: First two are transmitted through flea bites.
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Septicemic Plague – transmitted through flea bites. Fleas and rats were
host to the disease. Oriental rats carrying the bacteria were bitten by fleas,
and the bacteria multiplied inside the fleas. When the fleas died they
transmitted the disease to the humans they were infecting.
Bubonic Plague – Most common with 30% to 75% of the people dying
after contracting it. Characteristics were enlarged lymph glands, which
resulted in swelling of the neck, arm pits, and groin area. The glands
would burst, then death. The entire course of the disease took 3-4 days.
Pneumonic Plague – Effected the lungs, and had the same symptoms as
the flu. Mortality rate was 90% - 95%. 2nd most common.
The Effects of the Plague
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The plague affected the Medieval church and
society
Caused people to question the church because it was
unable to stop the plague
 People felt betrayed by the church when the clergy
abandoned them for fear of catching the plague
 People became more self-indulgent and wanted to
enjoy life so they abandoned the idea that one must
suffer to gain eternal salvation
 People questioned the structure of their society,
which didn’t allow for personal advancement
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A Religious Society in Trouble!
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The results of the Black Plague
caused society to question religion.
Why would their worship result in
death?
Society thought God had sent the
Black Plague as punishment.
Religion was a central part of daily
life with Worldviews being shaped
by Christian Church.
Life during medieval times was
hard so the hope of a better
afterlife was very important.
People believed the church could
help them reach heaven after they
died.
A Religious Society in Trouble!
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The Church Community
 Society in the Middle Ages was
a hierarchy – levels.
 Every group in the church was
to be obedient to the group
above them, people below had
to pay a tithe (portion of
crops or earnings) to the
ones above.
 This process gave society a
sense of community!!
 Black Plague caused society to
for go church worship and
believe in the power of
themselves!!
PSALTER MAP
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The Holy Land
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Jerusalem
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Area around modern day
Israel
and
Palestinian
territories where Christ Lived,
takes up a third of Asia.
Jesus preached here, is the
dot at the center.
Heaven
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At the top.
Changing Attitudes in Religion
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The Black Death made many people question their faith.
Prayers and visits to the Holy land had not worked – people
everywhere kept dying!
God had abandoned them!!!
A dying society saw the Church do very well financially, this
made society very sour towards religion.
A New Age was beginning, the emergence of busy towns and a
merchant class meant society was less rigid and organized.
A period of great creativity in the arts and sciences was about to
begin. In 1855, the French historian Jules Michelet coined the
term “Renaissance” to describe the re-birth of society.
Chapter 2
23-38
Chpt 2
Expansion of Trade
The Renaissance Begins
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Renaissance means “rebirth” and was the rebirth
of art and learning in Europe between 1300 and
1600 A.D.
It began in Northern Italy and then spread
north
Northern Italy had:
Thriving cities
 A wealthy merchant class
 The classical heritage of Rome and Greece
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The Crusades and Trade
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Trade between Venice and other Italian cities and the East
actually began several centuries before the Marco Polo journeys.
Trade happened as a result of a series of religious wars between
Christian and Muslim forces. Better known as the Crusades!!
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The land of Palestine, which contained religious sites sacred to Jews,
Christians, and Muslims, was under Christian control for many centuries.
Middle of the seventh century, this area was taken over by the Turks, who
became Muslims.
1095, Pope Urban II began a Christian crusade to drive out the Muslims,
and many knights and citizens set out to do battle.
Both sides looked on fighting in a holy war as a way of guaranteeing
themselves a place in heaven.
In 1187, Sultan Saladin recaptured Jerusalem, which brought an end to
the crusades. Muslims regained their lands!!
Pg. 40-41
The Crusades and Trade
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Two important results of the Crusades:
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Contact with Muslim civilization
Trade of goods.
During the time of the crusades, the Muslim world was more
advanced than Europe. Because of the travels and contacts,
Europeans were exposed to new ideas about medicine,
astronomy, philosophy, math, and ancient literature.
Muslim society also believed in teaching Christian and Jewish
philosophy, thus advancing their learning.
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Trade began to expand, more products became available to the entire
world and art, literature, philosophy, creative thought exploded with new
ideas.
The Italian City-States: the
birthplace of the Renaissance
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The Crusades Effects on the Italian City-States
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The Crusades spurred trade which brought people and wealth
to northern Italy and led to the development of these large
towns
These city-states were the ideal pace to exchange new ideas
The Plague’s Effects on the Italian City-States
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The Plague reduced populations and shrank opportunities for
business expansion in the city-states, which led wealthy
merchants to spend their money on patronizing the arts
The Italian City-States
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Milan, Florence, and
Genoa
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The city-states were
separate republics which
collected their own taxes
and raised their own armies,
called hinterland.
Many citizens were highly
involved in politics
Wealthy merchants were the
most powerful citizens,
despite rank
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Individual achievement was
more important than rank or
title
The Success of City-States
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Geographic features contributed greatly to the economic success
of Florence.
Why did the large cities of Alberta develop where they did?
Dozens of city states grew up across the northern half of Italy ,
right place right time.
All became the wealthiest cities in Europe..
Aspects of their geography, climate, leadership, and social
organization help to account for their success.
The Success of City-States
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Geography:
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Italy was the closest to the port cities of Northern Africa and
the eastern Mediterranean sea.
Spices and luxury goods were available for trade.
Transporting these goods was easier and cheaper for traders
in Italian cities compared to other countries.
Climate:
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Italy has a mild climate compared to cities north of the Alps,
thus trade and travel was not interrupted by weather.
Long growing season produced crops like olives and grapes,
which were important for wine and cooking.
The Success of City-States
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Leadership:
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In Northern Italy was a collection of independent states
which had their own government, armies, and controlled
their own affairs.
Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa were the most
prominent.
Social Organization:
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Feudalism was not as strong in Italy as the rest of Europe. In
Italy, many nobles lived in urban society and became involved
in business and trade.
Competition for Trade
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City of Venice was founded in Roman times on a group of
islands in a protected harbour. This site was easily defended from
invasion.
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Venice became a great trading center as a result of dealings with the east.
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At one point, Venetian merchants had thousands of ships
travelling the Mediterranean sea and along the Atlantic coast to
Northern Europe. The result was Venice becoming the largest
ship building center in Europe. This created thousands of jobs
and brought wealthy people to Venice.
Genoa, the other maritime power in Italy, also controlled a share
of trade and had ports in the Black sea.
Genoa controlled the trade with the Spanish ports of Barcelona
and Valencia.
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Commerce in the City States
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The POLO family were very wealthy merchants that made
money by purchasing goods in one place and selling them for a
higher price in another.
Because of the Black Death, the economy was devastated. There
was high unemployment among the ciompi (wool carders) who
did not belong to guilds.
The ciompi wanted to form their own guild but were denied by
others, thus leading to the first strike. The ciompi briefly took
over the government of Florence, but were eventually defeated
by the powerful guilds.
Commerce in the City States
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Florentine bankers established banking practices across Europe.
Florence’s economy became so powerful that the golden florin
became the most powerful currency during the Renaissance.
Usury, practice of charging interest when loaning money, became
very popular through the church and rest of Europe. This was
outlawed in the Church originally, but then became common
practice as a way to make a lot of money!!
Italian values became very popular throughout Europe.
Business Practice
Business Practice
Purpose
Partnership and Joint
Stock Company
Used to raise capital (money) for larger projects.
Less financial risk to the individual.
Banks
Provided money lending services as well as issuing
Bills of Exchange.
Bills of Exchange
Worked like modern chequing account. Merchant would
deposit gold and receive a Bill of Exchange. Could then
turn that in for gold at other banks.
Insurance
Paid a small fee to insure goods during travel. If goods
were damaged or lost, insurance companies pays
replacement cost. If goods arrive safely, insurance
company keeps the fee. (Called Usury)
The Medici Family in Florence
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The Medici’s were an extremely wealthy merchant family in
Florence, Italy. Made their fortune as wool and silk merchants
and bankers.
They built alliances with other wealthy families, acquired
positions in the church, and married into royal families.
1434, Cosimo de Medici controlled the governing council of the
city by giving them loans, he then declared himself head of the
government and exiled his enemies.
The Medici’s kept total control of Florence while maintaining
the appearance of a republican government.
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Though from the outside Florence looked like a republic, the Medici’s
used their money to buy off the governing council. Made many enemies!
The Medici Family in Florence
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Most famous Medici was Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo
the Magnificent.
He was a patron of literature and art who sponsored
Michelangelo, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and other
great thinkers of their time.
Because of their position in society, many Medici’s died
violent deaths, some engineered by their own families.
Medici Violent Deaths
1478
1503
1526
1535
1537
1547
1576
Lorenzo de Medici
Giuliano stabbed to death
Piro the Unfortunate drowned in
a shipwreck
Giovanni delle Barde Nere shot
and killed attacking the state of
Mantua
Ippolito poisoned by order of his
cousin
Alessandro assassinated by his
cousin Lorenzino
Lorenzino assassinated by his
cousin Cosimo 1
Isabella, daughter of Cosimo,
strangled in bed by her husband.
The Humanist
Approach
Chapter 3
39-75
The Renaissance looks back to
Greece and Rome
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Renaissance thinkers and artists looked to
Greece and Rome for their inspiration
Scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts
(from Rome) which had been preserved in
monasteries
Scholars studied ancient Greek manuscripts
which had been preserved in Byzantine libraries
until the Byzantine Empire fell to the Ottoman
Turks
Renaissance Values
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Humanism
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Enjoyment of Worldly Goods (Secularism)
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Focus on human potential and achievements
Scholars studied ancient Greek values and encouraged the
study of “humanities” like history, literature, and philosophy
People became more secular and were concerned with
enjoying life
Patronizing the Arts
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Wealthy merchants, monarchs, and the church financially
supported the arts during this time (meaning they paid to
have artists create things for them)
The Renaissance Man and Woman
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The “Renaissance Man” was described by Castiglione as
the “universal man” in The Courtier
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Should be charming, witty, and well-educated in the classics,
be able to dance, sing, play music, and write poetry
Should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman
Should have self-control and excel in many fields
The “Renaissance Woman”
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Should know the classics and be charming, but she is not
expected to gain fame
Expected to inspire art and literature, but not expected to
create it
Please read the
article on page 59
David by Michelangelo
A Rebirth of Ideas
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Have you ever changed your mind on a major issue?
What caused you to change your mind or opinion on
this topic?
What influenced you? Books, TV, the internet or a
friend?
This is what happened during the Renaissance – except
across a continent
What is one major issue that we are faced with in
today’s society – how can this issue be addressed?
Humanist
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Humanist: a person who adopts a system of
thought that centres on humans and their values,
capacities and worth
Read pages 60-62 and make a list of the ways
that classical ideas influenced the humanists.
A Time of Classical Writings
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The Greek and Roman civilizations had not been forgotten
during the middle ages.
Latin was the language of the Romans and remained the
language of the scholars and Church.
Aristotle and Plato (ancient writers) were studied from a
Christian perspective, but society started to look at things in a
different way.
Renaissance worldview was a result of intercultural contact with
earlier civilizations!
Humanist ideas spread mainly among the wealthy in society.
A Time of Classical Writings
HUMANISM
Borrowing from the Greek and Romans
On Mind and Body
You should pray for a sound
mind in a sound body
Juvenal
On History
To be ignorant of the
Lives of the most
Celebrated men of
Antiquity (great age)
Is to continue in a
State of childhood all
Our days.
On Education
The educated differ
from the uneducated
As much as the living
From the dead.
Aristotle
Plutarch
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Philosopher: one who
studies the truth and
principles underlying
human conduct and
knowledge and the
nature of the universe
Humanism and the Individual
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Renaissance thinkers could shape
their lives through their own
efforts and talents.
Humanists believed that:
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Human beings can use the power
of reason, thinking to find truth
for themselves.
It is important to have an open
and curious mind.
People can achieve great things
through learning.
You should be skilled in many
areas. Develop your mind, body,
and spirit.
Consider how humanist thinkers
would have spread their ideas.
Humanism and the Individual
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Humanist Scholars
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Francesco Petrarch was an early thinker of the renaissance. He believed
the Classical past was far superior to the medieval world, or dark age.
Humanists believed their time to be glorious and ideas were reborn.
Greek and Roman manuscripts had been preserved in libraries in the
Muslim world and in Monestary and cathedral libraries.
Humanists wanted to make all ideas available to the widest possible
readership.
Humanists thought that in order to be truly cultured, a person should
read good books and look at great works of art!!
Key Terms
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Civic relating to citizenship or civic affairs
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Rhetoric the art of making speeches
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Scholar a learned person; one who studies a
particular branch of learning like the humanities
Civic Humanism
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Many of the renaissance
humanist were interested in
good government
Civic humanists believed
being a responsible citizen
meant educating yourself
about history and politics and
working to improve society
Is this different to today's
thoughts?
Humanist Education
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Many humanists were teachers who ran their own
schools
They educated the “whole child”, body, mind, and
spirit.
They encouraged curious questioning in their
students
Many wealthy people and rulers hired humanists
to tutor their children
Grammar, rhetoric (public speaking) logic, arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy, music, theology, scripture, medicine.
Humanism and Religion
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Religion continued to play an important role during the
Renaissance.
Desiderius Erasmus, born in 1466 in Rotterdam,
Netherlands, was an outstanding Humanist of his time.
He said famously;
 “When I get a little money, I buy books; and if any is left I
buy food and clothes.”
Humanism and Religion
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Renaissance thinkers valued individual
achievement, importance of history and the arts
Carl Becker, a history professor from Cornell
University, is an influential historian of the 20th
century.
He is quoted as saying, “History is to society
what memory is to the individual.” Consider
whether you agree with this idea or not.
Activity
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Write a list of five actions that you feel should be
mandatory for individuals to be considered responsible
citizens in each of the following situations:
in our school
in our community
in our province
in Canada
as global citizens
SOCIETY AND THE ARTS
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What do the arts tell about a
society?
What style of art do you like the
most and why?
Do you think that any art that exists
today was influenced by the
Renaissance? If so how?
Key terms
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Petroglyphs: art that is carved into a
rock
Pictographs: drawings or paintings on
a rock wall
Façade:
the front of a building
Vernacular:
the language commonly
spoken by the people
who live in that region
PAINTINGS
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Read the opening paragraph on page 70
Middle Age Art
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Had religious themes
Renaissance Art
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Originally influenced by religion
Later influenced by Humanists this began to influence how
they viewed their surroundings and nature.
Compare and contrast the art on the following pages and
complete the Skill Power chart on page 72
Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci
The Annunciation of Saint Emidius by Carlo Crivelli
Water Spirit by Norval Morrisseau
Architecture
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Similar to painters architects
during the Renaissance raised
the status of their profession
from skilled labourers to
artists
Architects from all over the
world travel to Rome to
study
the
Pantheon,
Colosseum,
and
other
classical buildings.
Filippo Brunelleschi famous architect
The Pantheon
The Coliseum
Sculptures
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During the Middle Ages sculptors were
craftspeople who helped build cathedrals
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With the Renaissance they were now artists
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Michelangelo and others became celebrities
Read Michelangelo’s Pieta on page 74
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Bill Reid Sculptures
Literature
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During the early Renaissance writers focused on
translating the works of Roman and Greek
writers
Humanism caused people to begin to express
their own thoughts and emotions in their
writings
Read pages 75 and 76
Medieval Art compared to
Renaissance Art
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Medieval art used religious subjects and artists tried to
convey a spiritual ideal, not necessarily realism
Renaissance art portrayed religious subjects but they
used a realistic style
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Perspective: rediscovered technique used by Renaissance
artists which gives the appearance of three dimensions in
paintings which made art more realistic
Renaissance artists copied Greek and Roman models
and Greek and Roman subjects were popular
Wealthy citizens were also the subjects of artists
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Highlighted the importance of the individual
Italian Renaissance Artists
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Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor,
inventor, and scientist
Engineered inventions like the flying machine
 Studied how the muscles worked in order to sculpt
and paint more realistic humans
 Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
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Facial expressions of his subjects revealed their character
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
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Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, architect,
and poet
Famous for his realistic portrayal of the human body
 Ceiling of the Sistene Chapel which was painted
while he was upside down
 Statue of David (a biblical figure)
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Michelangelo
Renaissance Writers
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Writers wrote for self-expression or in order to
portray the individuality of their subjects
Petrarch and Humanism

Petrarch is one of the earliest humanists (known as
the father of Humanism) and he wrote in both Latin
and Italian (vernacular)
Latin was used for letters to friends
 Italian was used for sonnets (14 line poems) which he
wrote about Laura, his ideal woman

THE EXCHANGE
OF IDEAS
Chapter 4
76-105
Galileo Galilei
Machiavelli and The Prince

This is a political guide which discusses the
imperfect conduct of human beings
Describes how rulers can gain and maintain power
despite their enemies
 Notes that people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt
 Rulers must be strong and shrewd and trick people
if they need to for the good of the state
 “The ends justify the means”, meaning that he

cares about what’s politically effective, not what is morally
right
The Prince
Upon this a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than
loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult
to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two,
either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that
they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you successed they
are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said
above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And
that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is
ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by nobility or
greatness of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of
need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is
beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which,
owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but
fear preserved you by a dread of punishment which never fails.
Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love,
he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated,
which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and
subjects and from their women.
The Prince
Princes who set little store by their word but
have known how to over-reach men by their
cunning have accomplished great things, and in
the end got the better of those who trusted to
honest dealing. The prince must be a lion, but
he must also know how to play the fox. He
who wishes to deceive will never fail to find
willing dupes. The prince, in short,
ought not to quit good courses if he
can help it, but should know how to
follow evil courses if he must.
The Northern Renaissance

The Renaissance travels North
The interest in classical culture, curiosity about the
world and belief in human potential is the
Renaissance Spirit
 Northern European scholars visiting Italy were
impressed with this spirit and took their ideas home
with them
 Merchants carried the Renaissance ideas through
trade
 In 1494 a French king invaded italy which drove
many Italian Renaissance artists and writers north


These artists and writers took their ideas, styles, and
techniques north
Northern Europe is Ready by 1450





The population was recovering from the plague
The Hundred Years’ War was ending
Cities were beginning to grow rapidly
Urban merchants became wealthy enough to
sponsor artists and writers
Flanders, rich from trade and the cloth industry,
became the first northern city to foster the
Renaissance
Northern Monarchs Encouraged
the Renaissance

The monarchs and the nobles were largely
responsible for introducing the Renaissance to
Northern Europe

Monarchs sponsored artists to create paintings,
design buildings, etc.
Northern Humanism compared to
Southern Humanism


Northerners were more interested in religious
ideas than in secular ideas (which were popular
in Italy)
The ideals of human dignity inspired some
humanists to develop plans for social reform
based on Christian values

This is often called Christian Humanism
Christian Humanists in the North

Erasmus


Wrote The Praise of Folly which poked fun at
greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome
scholars, and pompous priests
Thomas More

Wrote Utopia, which means “no place” about an
imaginary land inhabited by peace-loving people
with no greed, corruption, war, and crime (an ideal,
perfect place)
Northern Renaissance Artists

German Realist Artists
Albrech Dürer studied in Italy and then brought
Renaissance ideas to Germany
 Hans Holbein was inspired by Dürer and painted
portraits which were so lifelike they were almost
photographic


Flemish Artists
Jan Van Eyck used oil paints because they could be
blended more easily and layered to create subtle
realistic shades
 Peter Bruegel used scenes from everyday life and
included realistic details and showed the character of
individual people

The Northern Arts
One of my personal favorites
Jan Vermeer
Flemish Merchants


Like their Italian counterparts, Flemish
merchants were wealthy and attracted to the
Renaissance emphasis on individualism and
worldly pleasures
They were patrons of the arts and made
Flanders an artistic center of Northern Europe
The English Renaissance AKA
The Elizabethan Age

The English Renaissance is sometimes called the
Elizabethan Age, named after Queen Elizabeth I
who ruled from 1558- 1603


She was well-educated and patronized artists and
writers
William Shakespeare
Sometimes considered the greatest playwright of all
time
 His plays frankly examined human flaws
 He drew on the Greek and Roman classics for
inspirations (ex. Julius Caesar)

Movable Type


Movable type was invented around 1045 in
China and was borrowed by the Europeans
Separate blocks were used for each letter which
would be arranged as needed, inked, and then
used to print the same words multiple times
The Printing Press


The first printing press was invented by Johann Gutenberg in
Mainz, Germany
It used the idea of movable type in the printing press



The machine presses paper against a tray full of inked movable type and
allowed for the production of multiple copies of the written word
The Gutenberg Bible of 1455 was the first full-size book printed with
movable type
The printing press spread learning



More people read because books were much cheaper to produce and buy
Printers began to print about topics other that religion
More writers used vernacular (common language) since commoners could
buy their books
The Vernacular Bible Changes
Religion


The Bible was being printed in the common
language so more common people could read
and interpret it on their own
People became more critical of priests and their
behavior which eventually led to demands for
reforms

The printing press and the vernacular Bible paved the way
for The Reformation
The Effects of the Renaissance of
Ideas and Politics


The Renaissance emphasized the ideals of the
dignity of man and the importance of the
individual
These ideas played a key role in the gradual rise
of democratic ideas in Europe
All men are important and equal
 All men have certain rights

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
Chapter 5
95-106
Christopher Columbus arriving in America. 1492
Just the Luck!!



Suddenly one of the girls pointed out towards the ocean. The girls could
hardly believe their eyes. Three large strange boats with huge sails were
headed toward the shore. They could hear the shouts of the people on the
boats in the distance.
The girls ran back towards their village to tell everyone what they had seen.
By the time they returned to the beach with a crowd of curious villagers, the
people from the boats had already landed. They had white skin, fury faces,
and were wearing odd clothing. They spoke a language the Taino had never
heard before. But they smiled at the Taino and seemed friendly.
The men from the ships, Christopher Columbus and his crew, had been
sailing the Atlantic Ocean for tow long months. Columbus’ plan was to travel
west from Europe to Asia. He had no idea that there were two large
continents and the vast pacific Ocean between him and his goal. This voyage
lead by Columbus would dramatically change the lives of Europeans and the
Indigenous peoples of North and South America.
The Desire to Explore





To celebrate the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s voyage, the
Spanish government built full size replicas of his 3 ships, the
Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
The ships were sailed to North America and toured many cities
so people could experience them.
Everyone was surprised how small the ships were, one ship was
equal to 5 vans parked end to end.
This was a very dangerous quest, but the voyages were well
supported by the Monarch. Why?
Trade was the main motivation. People demanded luxury goods
and economies began to expand. The economic worldview of
the time encourage growth and expansion.


Columbus
based
his
thinking about the distance
to Asia on the writings of
Marco Polo and the ancient
scholar Ptolemy. Marco polo
had over-estimated the eastwest size of Asia, and
Ptolemy had underestimated
the circumference of the
earth.
This resulted in Columbus
being off by more than
16,000 kms.
Expensive Trade lines





Arab merchants bought spices in India and the spice Islands of
the Far East.
These spices were transported to eastern Mediterranean trading
centers like Constantinople and Alexandria.
From here they were sold to Italian merchants who brought the
spices to Venice and across Europe!
Because of the immense travel, Europe had the highest prices of
goods.
The further the goods travel, the more expensive they become.
The Means to Explore





Navigation refers to the science of determining the course,
position, and distance travelled by a ship. It comes from the
Latin words navis (ship) and agere (to drive)
Prince Henry of Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator) He
became a patron of Portuguese explorers.
He sponsored many voyages off the coast of Africa and
established a centre of Sagres where cartographers,
mathematicians, astronomers, sailors, and navigators from all
over Europe gathered to share knowledge.
They essentially designed a more efficient means to explore.
Latitude was established, distance which is north or south of the
equator.
The Means to Explore

Compass
 Used for finding direction
a ship is travelling.

Astrolable
 Used the North Star or
sun to calculate latitude.
The Means to Explore

Cross-staff
 Used to measure the
altitude of the Pole star
above the horizon to
determine latitude.

Back-staff
 Used to measure the
altitude of the sun to
determine latitude.
European Expansion



Expansionism refers to the actions and attitudes of a state or
country whose goal is to increase it’s power and territory.
During the age of exploration, Renaissance Europeans sent out
explorers on voyages to achieve their expansionist goals.
4 major exploration trips:

Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal 1488)


Christopher Columbus (Spain 1492)


Travelled to the Caribbean areas.
Giovanni Caboto (England 1947)


Travelled to the distant tips of Africa and back.
Travelled to the tips of North America.
Jacques Cartier (France 1534)

Travelled to the tips of North America.
Going East





Portugal was the 1st country to become involved in organized
exploration.
Prince Henry sent expeditions south along the west coast of
Africa in order to find GOLD!
Every year the expeditions went farther and lasted longer until
eventually there were dozens of ships carrying gold between
Africa and Portugal each year.
Portugal also became involved in the slave trade with Africa. The
slaves were used in sugar plantations on islands in the Atlantic
ocean, eventually transporting them to the Americas as slaves.
Prince Henry also encouraged members of his groups to work as
interpreters, which increased the knowledge of indigenous
people.
Going East




Bartholomeu Dias led the 1st Portuguese expedition around the
cape of Good Hope.
His crew mutinied and stopped the voyage to India.
Vasco da Gama later led a Portuguese expedition across the
Indian Ocean and was successful.
The Battle of Diu



After Vasco da Gama’s voyage, Portuguese fleets began making yearly
trips to India.
Arab merchants finally battled the Portuguese off the Indian port of Diu.
The Portuguese had cannons, so they won.
Portuguese set up trading colonies along this route and became the most
powerful trading country in Europe.
Going West




Christopher Columbus was not bothered by the Portuguese
expansion.
He was convinced there was a shorter route across the Atlantic
Ocean.
He sailed west for 33 days and eventually sighted land (Caribbean
Islands)
He was convinced until his death that he had found Asia, not the
tip of North America. He was WRONG!!
O BRAVE NEW WORLD
Chapter 6
107-117
European Imperialism

The Treaty of Tordesillas



At the beginning of the age of exploration, Portugal and Spain were
always searching for trade routes to Asia, they were competing.
Rulers of Spain and Portugal could not agree on who owned what, so
they asked the Pope to settle the agreement.
1494, the Pop came up with the Treaty of Tordesillas.





Spain had all the land west of the imaginary line running North/South
through the Atlantic.
Portugal had all the land east of the same line.
France and England obviously ignored this line and King Henry went in
search of his own riches.
What gave anyone the right to think they owned land.
Imperialism is the extension of power over a territory and its resources
and people.
Imperialism






The imperialist attitude the Europeans had was partly due to
their attitude towards Indigenous people they encountered.
Europeans saw themselves as more powerful, educated, and
civilized so they forced their ways on the Indigenous people.
Sound familiar!!
The territories in Central and South America claimed by
Columbus and other Spanish Explorers became known as New
Spain.
Spanish people were granted land to settle and mine for precious
metals and set up plantations.
Indigenous people were enslaved to work for the Spanish.
Imperialist Attitudes

Columbus describing the Taino people he met when he landed:
As I saw that they were friendly to us… I presented them with some red
caps, and a string of beads to wear upon their neck, and many other
trifles of small value, wherewith they were very much delighted, and
became wonderfully attached to us… It appears to me, that the people
are ingenious and would be good servants and I am of the opinion that
they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no
religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them.
Imperialist Treasure





The conquest of Aztec and Incan
empires in New Spain resulted in
great wealth for Spain.
Mines in Peru, Bolivia and other
areas shipped tonnes of gold,
silver, and emeralds across the
ocean to Spain.
For a time, Spain was by far the
richest country in Europe.
The English often fought the
Spanish for their treasures, and
Pirates started to rule the oceans.
ARRRRR!
Cost of Imperialism



In the early 1940’s, the Incas and Aztecs had thriving civilizations
in Central and South America.
After a few years of imperialism, the Spanish destroyed this.
Everywhere the Europeans explored and settled in the America’s
the Indigenous people paid a terrible price.




By 1600 less than one-tenth of the original population remained.
Approximately 90 million Indigenous died during this time
Causes were smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, cholera, malaria, all
brought by Europeans. (Indigenous had no immunity)
Many Indigenous societies were completely wiped out, including the
Beothuk Indians of Newfoundland!!
European Worldview and Identity

How did we get here! - Evolution of the European Society
Medieval Times (Feudalism)
Rise of International Trade
Humanism
Age of Exploration
Brave New World
Mapping Changing Worldviews

During the age of exploration, Europeans learned a few things:








No sea monsters in the ocean
People everywhere looked similar to themselves
World was very different from what they imagined
Found a sea route to Asia around Africa and came to realize that two
huge continents existed between Europe and Asia.
Because of this, the Portuguese set up trading colonies around the Indian
Ocean.
The Spanish conquered the peoples of the Americas and became the
wealthiest country in Europe.
Thus England, France, and the Netherlands saw that through Imperialism
they too could also become very wealthy.
The wealth race was on!!
Imperialism




The imperialism that began during the Renaissance affected the
world for centuries to come.
Because of the atrocities being committed, there became a
glowing awareness that the people of a country ought to have
the right to determine how they organize themselves politically
and pursue their social, economic, and cultural development.
It was not until WWII that this point was expressed as
international law.
The signing of the United Nations Charter in 1945 states:


All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right,
they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their
economic, social, and cultural development.
Since 1945, a process of decolonization has occurred. (Africa, Southeast
Asia, Caribbean, all gained independence)
Expansionism and Imperialism





Europeans saw themselves as superior to the peoples of the
Americas.
From their perspective, they needed the resources of the
Americas to support the European economy and to fuel the
establishment of colonies.
This attitude led them to disregard the rights of Indigenous and
First Nations peoples to their traditional lands.
European expansion also contributed to the trade of African
slaves. This process was carried out mainly by English merchant
traders.
They bought or captured African slaves and took them to the
Americas. Work was to be done!!
Citizens of the World






The Renaissance and Age of Exploration were the first steps on
the road to the global village we live in today.
The invention of the printing press allowed knowledge and ideas
to be exchanged across the whole of Europe.
Humanism, with its curiosity, optimism, and belief in the
individual, encouraged people to look beyond the world they
knew.
By the end of the Renaissance, Europeans had travelled to most
of the continents.
Wherever the Europeans arrived, they imposed their religion,
ideas, values, and economic system – their worldview.
The Renaissance had an enormous impact on the way we live
today.